MCPH 4
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MCPH 4 - Detalles
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General Characteristics OF Viruses | 1 Obligatory Intracellular parasites 2 Contain a single type of nucleic acid 3 Contain protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid 4 Multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell 5 Cause the synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells. 6 Few or no enzymes for their own metabolism |
There are __ number of antiviral drugs developed a. few b. many | A. few It is difficult to create a drug which does not interfere with the normal functioning of the host cell which viruses use as machinery |
Viruses are what type of parasites? | Intracellular parasites |
Can viruses pass through filters? | No Too small size |
Viruses contains both DNA and RNA | No, they either have DNA or RNA only |
Are viruses sensitive to antibiotics? | No Only Antiviral works |
Are viruses affected by interferons? | Yes They are proteins secreted by the immune system to fight viruses |
Naturally occurring proteins that are made and secreted by the cells of the immune system. | Interferons |
• For the virus to infect cell, the outer surface of the virus must what? | Chemically interact with the specific receptor sites of the cells If achieved, it will be held by hydrogen bond |
• Viruses genes are susceptible to what? | Mutation Help them escape antibodies |
Receptor sites of bacteria is found on | • The cell wall, fimbriae, or flagella. |
Receptor sites for animals or humans is found on | • Plasma membrane |
• Viruses that infect bacteria | Bacteriophage |
Viral size of viruses | • 20 to 1000 nm in length can be determined by electron microscope |
What are the structures of Virion? | 1 Nucleic acid 2 Capsid 3 Envelope |
• Covers the capsid, outer surface • Usually comes from the host cell’s plasma membrane plus through the process of extrusion | Envelope some envelope have spikes |
• Are capsid that are not covered by enveloped that protects the nucleic acid from nuclease enzymes | Nonenveloped viruses |
Enzymes that cleave the nucleic acid in biological fluid; it also promotes attachment to susceptible hosts | Nuclease enzymes |
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY of viruses; types; | • Helical Viruses • Polyhedral Viruses • Enveloped Viruses • Complex Virus |
Viruses are classified by what? | • differences in the structures of their coats |
• This is used to detect antibodies and antigens. | Serological methods |
• This is used to detect antibodies and antigens. | Serological methods |
• This is used to detect antibodies and antigens. | Serological methods |
• This is used to detect antibodies and antigens. | Serological methods |
• This is used to detect antibodies and antigens. | Serological methods |
• Long rods • Rigid or flexible • The nucleic acid is found within a hallow-cylindrical capsid in helical structure | Helical Viruses |
• The capsid is usually shaped as an icosahedron | Polyhedral Viruses |
• Roughly spherical • They can be helical or polyhedral viruses | Enveloped viruses |
• Complicated structure • Different shape | Complex virus |
Examples of Helical Viruses | Rabies Virus, Ebola (Virus) hemorrhagic fever |
Examples of Polyhedral viruses | Adenovirus, Poliovirus |
Examples of Enveloped viruses | Influenza virus (Enveloped helical) Herpes Simple Virus (Enveloped polyhedral) |
Examples of Complex virus | Bacteriophage o Head part is polyhedral o Tail is helical |
1. • For the family name, we usually add the suffix __ 2. • For the genus name, we add the suffix __ | 1. –viridae 2. –virus |
What method used in Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory? | Solid media: Plaque method • Procedure is to grow the bacteria then add the virus to multiply |
How to count viruses? | • By looking at the plaques or white cotton appearance The counting is through PFU |
Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory 3 METHODS | 1 Living animals 2 Embryonated eggs 3 Cell culture |
• It is used as a diagnostic procedure for identifying and isolating a virus from clinical specimen. | Living Animals |
• A fairly convenient and inexpensive method. • They are widely used in viral isolation and even in vaccines. | Embryonated eggs |
In culture media, Grow in several layers | Transformed cells |
O They develop from human embryos and they can be maintained for about 100 generations. And, they are widely used for cultivating viruses that require human hosts. | Transformed or Diploid Cell Lines |
They are derived from tissue cells and they tend to die out after a few generations | Normal or Primary Cell Lines |
Viral Identification | • Electron Microscopy • Serological methods • RFLPs • PCR |
• This is used to detect antibodies and antigens. | Serological methods |
Example of serological method | Western blotting |
• A laboratory method used to detect specific protein molecules from among a mixture of proteins. | Western Blotting |
• This test uses amplicons | RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphs) |
• A piece of DNA or RNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events | Amplicons |
• At the end of the process it will not kill the host cell, rather the host cell will remain alive. | Lysogenic cycle |
1. If DNA virus, biosynthesis is in the __ 2. If RNA virus, biosynthesis is in the __ | 1 nucleus 2 cytoplasm |
• It is when the viral DNA or RNA, and Capsid proteins will assemble to form a complete virus | Maturation |
• Study of viruses | Virology |
Are used to treat infectious diseases | • Antimicrobial drugs |
Differences between Disinfectants and Antimicrobial drugs | • Disinfectants are often need to act within the host • Antimicrobial drugs, to be called ideal, should kill the harmful microorganisms without damaging the host |
• A substance produced by microorganisms that in small amounts inhibits another microorganism | Antibiotic |
• Succeeded in first clinical trials of penicillin | 1940, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain |
• Mostly, our antibiotics is from a strain of microorganisms such as what? | Streptomyces, bacillus, penicillum, and cephalosporium |
Examples of gram positive rods | Bacillus subtilis Bacillus polymyxa |
Examples of ACTINOMYCETES | Streptomyces nodosus Streptomyces venezuelae Streptomyces aureofaciens Streptomyces erythraeus Streptomyces fradiae Streptomyces griseus Micromonospora purpureae |
Examples of FUNGI | Cephalosporium spp. Penicillium grisofulvum Penicillium notatum |
Source of Bacitracin | Bacillus subtilis |
Source of Polymyxin | Bacillus polymyxa |
Source of Amphotericin B | Streptomyces nodosus |
Source of Chloramphenicol | Streptomyces venezuelae |
Source of Chlortetracycline | Streptomyces aureofaciens |
Source of Erythromycin | Streptomyces erythraeus |
Source of Neomycin | Streptomyces fradiae |
Source of Streptomycin | Streptomyces griseus |
Source of Gentamicin | Micromonospora purpureae |
Source of Cephalothin | Cephalosporium spp. |
Source of Griseofulvin | Penicillium grisofulvum |
Source of Penicillin | Penicillium notatum |
• Defined as the range of different microorganisms that an antibiotic or antimicrobial agent inhibits or kills them | Antimicrobial Spectrum |
• These are antimicrobial agents showing efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria strains | Broad spectrum |
• If the antimicrobial agent is only effective against either gram-positive or gram-negative | Narrow spectrum |
• Arises when the growth of the target pathogen that has developed resistance to the antibiotic | Superinfection |
The action of Antimicrobial activity | • Bactericidal • Bacteriostatic |
• Agents that can totally kill microbes | Bactericidal |