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level: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS PART 5

Questions and Answers List

level questions: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS PART 5

QuestionAnswer
Injury to the Plasma Membrane1 Lipopeptide
Lipopeptide types1 Daptomycin 2 Polymyxin B
Its use is approved for certain skin infections binds to the bacterial membrane and resistance is uncommon for itDaptomycin
It has bactericidal antibiotic effect that are very effective against gram negative bacteria including pseudomonas speciesPolymyxin B
Polymyxin B acts by binding to the outer membrane of the cell wall and usually combined with __ and __ for topical use to treat our superficial infectionsbacitracin, neomycin
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis1 QUINOLONES AND FLUOROQUIONOLONES
Inhibit the DNA synthesis particularly the DNA gyrase Very broad spectrum antibiotics They are used for pneumonia and gonorrheaQUINOLONES AND FLUOROQUIONOLONES
Major effect of Fluoroquionolones isthey affect the development of cartilage especially for children
QUINOLONES AND FLUOROQUIONOLONES ADVERSE EFFECTS1 development of cartilage, 2 Diarrhea, 3 nausea, 4 headache, 5 dizziness, 6 nephrotoxicity, 7 phototoxicity
Quinolones types Fluoroquionolones typesQuinolones - Nalidixic acid Fluoroquionolones (Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moaxifloxacin and gatifloxacin)
First Quinolone drug developed Use is limited to UTI and Upper respiratroy tract infectionsNalidixic acid
They are contraindicated for certain drugs that control heart rhythmMoaxifloxacin and Gatifloxacin
Competitive Inhibitors of the Synthesis of essential MetabolitesSULFONAMIDES
The first synthetic antimicrobial drug Inhibits the synthesis of __ from __SULFONAMIDES, dihydrofolic acid, PABA
SULFONAMIDES exampleTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)
Effective against Pneumocystic pneumonia Very effective in penetrating the __ and __Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole) brain, cerebrospinal fluid
Inhibits the conversion of dihydrofolic present in tetrahydrofolicTrimethoprim
Pneumonia that is usually associated with immunosuppressed and AIDS patientsPneumocystic pneumonia
Other examples of Sulfonamides1 Silver sulfadiazine and Mafenide (Flammazine®) 2 Sodium sulfacetamide 3 Quinine + pyrimethamine + sulfadoxime (Fansidar®)
Used to control infection in burn patients For burn therapySilver sulfadiazine and Mafenide (Flammazine®)
Used for conjunctivitis Available as opthalmic solutionSodium sulfacetamide
Used for treatment of Malaria especially if the patient develops resistance to chloroquineQuinine + pyrimethamine + sulfadoxime (Fansidar®)
Antibiotics that are particular for mycobacterium species for the treatment of tuberculosisAntimycobacterial antibiotics
Antimycobacterial antibiotics types1 Rifampin 2 Isoniazid 3 Ethambutol 4 Pyrazinamide 5 Ethionamide 6 Streptomycin
The most important antimycobacterial antibiotics against tuberculosis and other types of infections caused by mycobacteriaRifampin
Rifampin is also used for __ since it can penetrate the tissues and reach therapeutic levels in cerebrospinal fluidleprosy
Rifampin adverse effectred-orange coloration of body fluids
Higher toxicity when Rifampin is combined withIsoniazid and Ethambutol Toxicity level must be monitored because there is a higher chance of toxicity
Shortcut for “Isonicotinic acid hydrazide” First line drug treatment for TB Very effective synthetic antimycobacterial drug against mycobacterium tuberculosisIsoniazid
Isoniazid It inhibits the synthesis of __ component of the cell wall of mycobacterium speciesmycolic acid
Isoniazid is administered simultaneously with other drugs such as __ to minimize the development of drug resistanceEthambutol
Isoniazid Adverse Effect1 hepatoxicity 2 peripheral neuropathy
Damage to the peripheral nerves and the patient can feel weakness, numbness and pain in the hands and feetPeripheral neuropathy
It is a weak anti tubercular drug and its principal use is secondary drug to avoid resistance problemsEthambutol
Ethambutol Adverse EffectOptic neuritis
Red-Green colorblindnessOptic neuritis
Also known as “Pyrazine carboxamide” Used in combination with other agents because it can develop resistancy very fastPyrazinamide
Pyrazinamide Adverse effect1 hyperuricemia 2 hepatotoxicity (Liver toxicity)
It inhibits the incorporation of mycolic acid in the cell wallEthionamide
Ethionamide Adverse Effects:1 Hepatotoxicity, 2 Peripheral neuritis
The first antibacterial agent / antibiotic for TB It inhibits the protein synthesis Adverse Effects: __, __Streptomycin Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity