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Biodiversity and the Interconnectedness of Life

Unit 3 QCAA Biology


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Biodiversity and the Interconnectedness of Life


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Rahil Mehta


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Biodiversity
[Back]


Variety of living things within a given area, ecosystem or habitat

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Biodiversity and the Interconnectedness of Life - Detalles

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Biodiversity
Variety of living things within a given area, ecosystem or habitat
Ecosystem
A community of living things and their physical environment (abiotic and biotic factors)
Genetic Diversity
Variation in genetics witihin one species
Diversity in Ecosystems
Geographic areas may also be described in terms of biodiversity [i.e., many ecosystems = more diverse]
Ecosystem
Biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment through which energy flows and matter is recycled
Biome
A large region of Earth that has a certain climate and certain types of living things: described by dominant vegetation, often containing multiple ecosystems
6 Types of Biomes
Marine Desert Forest Grassland/Savannah Freshwater Tundra
Community
All living things in one area
Species Richness
Number of species counted in a sampling process
Strengths and Limitations of species richness
Strengths: - Total no. of species; large no. indicates higher biodiversity Limitations: - No indication of how common a single species is - Does not consider the evenness of species
Relative species abundance/evenness
Number of each species counted in proportion to other species sampled: one species in relation to the total population
Strengths and Limitations of species evenness
Strengths: - Dominance of a species can be identified (how common a species is) Limitations: - Does not account for size of individuals (hard to distinguish different species when they're very small) - No indication of the distribution of a species over the area
Percentage Cover
Used to determine the percentage of each quadrat a species occupies. Useful for small organisms, plants and canopy covers.
Percentage Frequency
Percentage of quadrats in which a species is found. This is useful since it considers both evenness of a species' distribution, as well as abundance
Random Sampling
Process of unbias quadrat throwing
Simpson's Diversity Index
Index for calculating biodiversity in an ecosystem - combines all techniques
3 Types of Spatial Orientation
Uniform Distribution: Regular spread of the same species Clumped Distribution: Very common Random Distribution: Uncommon
Temporal variation over a day
Nocturnal/Diurnal [Night/Day] Intertidal Zones experience temporal changes in a day
Temporal variation over a year
Migratory seasons, change of abiotic factors, seasonal plants, hibernation
Abiotic factors
Non-Living conditions - change over space and time [Temperature, rainfall, soil type pH, availability of sunlight could change vertically or throughout a year]
Limiting factors / Tolerance levels
Abiotic or biotic factors which limit the population growth of species [Abiotic: available nutrients, food, temp, shelter, pH] [Biotic: Predators, availability of mates, disease]
Taxa
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species [Katy Perry Comes Over For Great Sex]
Binomial Nomenclature
Generic Epithet: First in name - name of genus [always capitalised] Specific Epithet: Second name - name of species [always lowercase]
Dichotomous Key
A series of paired statements or clues about features or characteristics, providing a stepwise guide toward identifying each entity
Reproduction Classification
Egg-Laying: Oviparous [Chickens, Platypus] Egg inside mother: Oviviparous [Sharks, Fish] Live Birth: Viviparous [Humans, Elephants]
R/K Selection Theory
R-selected species: Produce a lot of young, have little parental care, reach sexual maturity early and have short gestation. [r for Rabbit or Rat] K-selected species: Produce few young, lots of parental investment/care, sexual maturity developed over longer duration [K for Kayan or Kangaroo]
Molecular Classification
Gene sequences used to classify organisms. Similar genetic sequences indicate the organisms are more closely related.
Specht's Ecosystem Classification
Measurement of the percent cover of the tallest stratum, using this and the type/height of the tallest stratum
Clade
Phylogenetic group including all the descendents from a common descendent
Assumptions of Cladistics
- Any group of living things are related by a common ancestor - Lineages only bifurcate - Changes occur in every lineage over time
Monophyletic Group
Clade including all common descendents of an ancestor
Paraphyletic Group
Group including some but not all descendents from a common ancestor
Polyphyletic Group
Group of similar organisms which do not share a directly common ancestor
Phylogenetic Tree
Diagram representing the evolutionary steps of a species
Difference between Phylogram and Cladogram
Phylogenetic tree represents the relation of different organisms relative to evolutionary time along with the amount of variations occurring within that time. Cladogram only represents the common ancestral relationships between organisms
Protein Relatedness
Comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins to identify similarity, even across distantly related species. [Fewer differences between organism's protein amino acid sequences then there are between nucleotide sequences since DNA changes do not always result in amino acid mutation]
DNA Hybridisation
Single-stranded DNA absorbs UV light, double-stranded doesn't since DNA separates at 87°C [every 1°C difference under 87°C and separation is a 1% difference]
Biological Definition of Species
Group of organisms which can mate with each other and produce viable offspring [Hybrids are NOT species as they are infertile (Male donkey + Female Horse = Mule, Zebra + Donkey = Zonkey, Lion + Tiger = Liger)]
Flaws in the Biological Definition of Species
Asexual Reproduction: No mating occurs, however, bacteria are still considered as species Extinct Organisms: Mating between some species is unknown
Morphological Definition of Species
Characteristics of physical form such as shape, size, the presence/absence of physical features
Phylogenetic Definition of Species
Trace and comparison of DNA
Interspecific Competition
Both species are harmed: Species competing/fighting for limited resources
Predation
A species benefits whilst the other is harmed: Predator kills and eats another organism
Micro-predation
A species benefits whilst the other is harmed: Predator kills and eats part of another organism
Symbiosis
An ecological relationship in which two species live together in close association with eachother
Parasition
Symbiotic relationship in which a parasite benefits at the expense of the host - parasite does not aim to kill the host [Ticks, Diseases]
Mutualism
Species association wherein both parties benefit [Clownfish with sea anemone]
Commensalism
Symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is not benefited nor harmed [Bird's nest in a tree]
Amensalism
Symbiotic relationship wherein one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed
Ecosystem
Community of living organisms together in an environment
Habitat
Natural home of an organism: includes all the organism's requirements
Macrohabitat
Large scale place in which a species lives, providing needs such as food, water and conditions for reproduction [City/Town]
Microhabitat
Immediate, small scale place in which a species lives [Suburb/Street]
Management Requirements
Classification of ecosystems allows ecologists to plan and manage other ecosystems based on what has been learned in other ecosystems of the same type
Climax Communities
Take many years to grow, must be managed meticulously
Soils
Become less productive if not managed appropriately. Damaged easily, plants are sensitive to changes in the soil
Old growth forests
Climax communities which take many years to establish. Managed for tourism and preservation of the system
Coral Reefs
Balance conservation with tourism. Ecosystem can be damaged by certain practices [pollution, sunscreen damages coral]
Stratified Sampling
Sampling technique wherein an ecosystem is divided into strata/zones, each stratum is randomly selected
Minimising Sampling Bias
- Large number of samples - Random placement of quadrats across a strata using a number generator - Specific rules set before sampling [i.e., if an organism only half in the quadrat counts] - Use of calibrated instruments
Autotrophs
Able to convert inorganic compounds via photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, producing glucose and water using sunlight's energy
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. [6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂]
Biomass
The dry-weight of all organic molecules in an organsim [expressed as g/m²]
Primary Productivity
Biomass produced by an autotroph
Gross Productivity
Overall rate of energy capture or the energy that goes into an organism before any is used
Net Productivity
Energy/Biomass left over after metabolic activity [Muscle gain/growth of a tree: ways to store excess after metabolic survival]
Heterotrophs
An organism which cannot manufacture its own food instead it obtains energy/food from consuming other organic substances [plants/animals]
Trophic Levels
Grouping of organisms within an ecosystem whose food is the same number of steps removed from producers Tertiary Consumer: Secondary Predator [Least Biomass] Secondary Consumer: Primary Predator Primary Consumer: Herbivore Producer [Most Biomass] Sun
Photosynthetic Efficiency
Fraction of the light from the sun reaches the plant which converts it to chemical energy via photosynthesis [50% of sunlight falls within the light range which chloroplasts can use; 50% of sunlight used for biomass] ~90% of energy is lost as heat at each consumer trophic level → ~10% of the energy entering a trophic level is available for the next trophic level [Reason for limited trophic levels: only ~0.1% of the energy in an ecosystem is converted to biomass at the top trophic level]
Food Chain
Diagram showing flow of energy through an ecosystem - arrow shows energy flow from one to another
Food Web
Many interconnected food chains
Energy Pyramid
Shows percentage of energy flowing onto the next trophic level, decomposers and heat/respiration
Biomass Pyramid
Total biomass of organisms at each trophic level
Hydrologic Cycle Steps
Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Runoff [People Eat Trays Containing Rice]
Precipitation
Rain/Hail/Snow: Water falling onto the ground
Evaporation
Water evaporating back into the atmosphere
Sublimation
Evaporation of snow into the atmosphere
Transpiration
Release of water from plants into the atmosphere
Condensation
Formation of aqueous water in the atmosphere
Infiltration
Process by which water moves down into soil
Percolation
Process by which water enters the water table/aquifiers
Runoff
Precipitation which doesn't soak, instead moves toward streams
Carbon Cycle
Biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere Photosynthesis Respiration Decomposition Burning [Playful Raccoons Digest Burritos]
Photosynthesis
Formation of organic molecules by turning CO₂ into glucose
Respiration
Conversion of ATP/energy releasing CO₂ into the atmosphere and respiration of microbes
Decomposition
The break down of organic matter → soil carbon formed, fossil fuels made.
Burning
Burning fossil fuels → releasing CO₂ into the atmosphere
Nitrogen Cycle
Fixation Ammonification Nitrification Assimilation Denitrification [Fruity African Negros Ate Dominos]
Fixation
Builiding NH₃ from gaseous N₂ via bacteria in the nodules of certain plants or lighting
Ammonification
Conversion of organic nitrogen compounds (like proteins and nucleic acids) into ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium ions ([NH₄]⁺) by decomposer microorganisms
Nitrification
Biological conversion of ammonia (NH₃) to nitrite (NO₂⁻) and then to nitrate (NO₃⁻) by specific bacteria
Assimilation
Inorganic NH₃ is built into organic compounds [amino acids]
Denitrification
Bacteria convert NO⁻ ₃ into N₂
Fundamental Niche
Full range of environmental conditions that a species can occupy with no limiting factors to constrain their populations
Realised Niche
The actual range of environmental conditions occupied by the species
Competitive Exclusion
When 2 species occupy the same niche, 1species (A) will out-compete the other (B)→ forcing B to die out [The complete removal of one species from its habitat]
Resource Partitioning
When 2 species occupy the same fundamental niche, they will have evolved to take advantage of different "slices" [Temporal, area or technique] of that niche [allows for co-existence]
Niche
The ecological role a species plays in a community
Keystone Species
A plant or animal which plays a unique and crucial role in the function of an ecosystem [a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance] [Southern Cassowary travels lengthy distances spreading seeds which form the rainforest. Beavers dam rivers to make pools and wetlands that become habitats for a wide diversity of species.]
Carrying Capacity
The maximum number of individuals of a species which the ecosystem can support: mediated by limiting factors