Vert Zoology
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| Poikilothermic | Ectothermic species that do not need a specific body temperature |
| Ectothermic | Cold blooded species that rely on outside sources for heat |
| Homeothermic | Animal maintains a constant internal temperature |
| Endothermic | Animal that maintains a constant body temperature by using energy |
| Compressiform | Fish compressed laterally (from side to side) |
| Depressiform | Fish compressed dorsoventrally (from top to bottom) |
| Sagittiform | Fish shaped arrow like |
| Integument | The bodies outer layer, skin, hair, nails |
| Homodont | Having teeth that are all shaped the same |
| Heterodont | Having differently shaped teeth (canine and incisors) |
| Homologous structure | Similar features from the same ancestor, but serve different purposes |
| Analogous structures | Features that are similar but do not come from the same ancestor |
| Binomial nomenclature | Two term naming system, first is genus and the second is epithet |
| Genus | Group of organisms that are more specific than a family |
| Species | Organisms that are able to reproduce with one another successfully |
| Biological species concept | When two species that share similar characteristics are able to reproduce, but their offspring can not |
| Population | A species that lives in an area of land at one time |
| Baramin | Set of organisms descended from an original species |
| KPCOFGS | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Convergence | Species that live in the same ecosystem that are genetically unrelated but share similar characteristics |
| Phylogenetic tree | Diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| Cladistics | Taxonomy of animals that share similar characteristics they inherited from a common ancestor |
| Outgroup | Distantly related organisms that serve as an outlier (primates, monkey, outgroup, mouse) |
| Deme | Population of species where the exchange of genetics is completely random |
| Allopatric populations | When a species is isolated from other species in the area |
| Sympatric populations | When a species life relies on interacting with other species |
| Biogeography | The graphical distribution of plants and animals |
| Zoogeography | The graphical distribution of animals |
| Endemic | Species found in only one location around the world |
| Geological range | An area where a species can be found during its lifetime |
| Holarctic region | Global region of the northern hemisphere |
| Palearctic region | Eurasia and northern africa |
| Nearctic region | North America to Mexico |
| Oriental region | South west asia |
| Neotropical region | South america |
| Ethiopian region | Africa |
| Australian region | Australia |
| Wisconsin glaciation | Continental glacier that reaches from the arctic to midwest michigan |
| Catadromous | Fresh water fish that go to salt water to spawn |
| Anadromous | Salt water fish that go to fresh water to spawn |
| Mechanosensory | Ability for mammals to perceive signals through touch and hearing |
| Octavolateral system | Sense of hearing and equilibrium in aquatic species |
| Electrosensory system | Used for navigation, prey detection, and communication in fish |
| Lateral line | Allows for fishes to detect movements and pressure changes in surrounding water |
| Ampullae of lorenzini | Help a shark sense prey by detecting the electrical fields generated by activities of the prey |
| Buccal cavity | The mouth |
| Notochord | A cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals |
| Placoid scale | Spiny, toothlike scales |
| Ganoid scale | Rhomboid shape and have peg and socket joints to connect them |
| Cycloid scale | Smooth edged scales |
| Ctenoid scale | Scales with comb like edges |
| Chromatophore | Pigment barring cells that have the ability to change the skins color |
| Photophore | Organs in fish that are used to produce light, bioluminescence |
| Hyoid arch | Small, u shaped bone in the midline of the neck |
| Operculum | Protective covering for the gills |
| Pectoral girdle | Supporting the pectoral fins in locomotion and contribute to mouth expansion |
| Myomeres | Group of muscles that are divided by the spinal column |
| Lamellae | Filter oxygen from the water and into the blood |
| Gill raker | Filter that traps food particles from escaping through the gills |
| Countercurrent flow | Two phase flow regime where fluids flow in opposite directions |
| Spiral valve | Slows digestion in sharks and rays to allow maximum nutrition absorption |
| Spiracle | Bottom dwelling species of sharks that have openings near the eyes to take in water and ventilate gills |
| Neuromast | Sensory organ that aids in sensing mechanical changes in water |
| Otolith | Calcium carbonate structure that serves as the ear on fish |
| Heterocercal tail | Caudal fin composed of two asymmetrical fins |
| Squalene | Component of shark liver used to stay buoyant |
| Piscivore | Carnivorous animal that eats primarily fish |
| Carnivore | Animal that eats only meat |
| Durophagous | Carnivorous animals that eat hard shelled organisms |
| Planktivore | Animals that feed primarily on microscopic organisms |
| Ovipary | Shark that lay eggs that fully develop outside the mothers body |
| Ovovivipary | Shark that grow eggs inside the body, but they hatch immediately after leaving the mother |
| Vivipary | Sharks that give live birth |
| Matrophy | Maternal care associated with live birth |
| Histotrophic vivipary | Shark embryos that survive in the womb by consuming their wombmates |
| Anguilliform | Used by elongated fish for locomotion, eels |
| Carangiform | The rear half of the body of the fish aids in locomotion |
| Ostraciiform | Locomotion of fish by using only the tail fin |
| Isosmatic | Fresh water fish |
| Hypoosmotic | Ability for salt water to not effect salt water fish |
| Hyperosmotic | When the bodily fluid has a higher solute content than the environment |
| Invasive species | Species living in an area that it did not originate in |
| Petromyzontifores | Order of lampreys |
| Chondrichthyes | Cartilaginous fishes |
| Actinopterygii | Ray finned fishes |
| Anthropomorphism | Placing human emotions on animals |
| Ichthyostega | One of the first discovered fossils of a four limbed vertebrate |
| Zygapophyses | Allow for movement of the vertebrates in spine |
| Occipital condyles | Bony structure that connects the skull and vertebrate column |
| Autostylic jaw suspension | The upper jaw is connected to the cranium |
| Hyomandibular | Serves purpose in suspending the jaws and operculum in fishes |
| Hyoid apparatus | Bones that suspend the tongue and larynx |
| Stratum corneum | Outermost layer of the epidermis |
| Stratum germinativum | Layer of the epidermis closest to the dermis |
| Stratum spongeosum | Middle layer of the epidermis that contains blood vessels and sweat glands |
| Stratum compactum | Provides strength to the middle layer of the epidermis |
| Setae | Stiff bristle that resemble hair on gecko toe pads |
| Nuptial pads | Extra grip on male frog thumb |
| Spade | Sharp, bony structure on foot for digging burrows |
| Rasping lips | Lips on tadpoles for scraping algae off of things |