| poikilothermic | ectothermic species that do not need a specific body temperature |
| ectothermic | cold blooded species that rely on outside sources for heat |
| homeothermic | animal maintains a constant internal temperature |
| endothermic | animal that maintains a constant body temperature by using energy |
| compressiform | fish compressed laterally (from side to side) |
| depressiform | fish compressed dorsoventrally (from top to bottom) |
| sagittiform | fish shaped arrow like |
| integument | the bodies outer layer, skin, hair, nails |
| homodont | having teeth that are all shaped the same |
| heterodont | having differently shaped teeth (canine and incisors) |
| homologous structure | similar features from the same ancestor, but serve different purposes |
| analogous structures | features that are similar but do not come from the same ancestor |
| binomial nomenclature | two term naming system, first is genus and the second is epithet |
| genus | group of organisms that are more specific than a family |
| species | organisms that are able to reproduce with one another successfully |
| biological species concept | when two species that share similar characteristics are able to reproduce, but their offspring can not |
| population | a species that lives in an area of land at one time |
| baramin | set of organisms descended from an original species |
| KPCOFGS | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| convergence | species that live in the same ecosystem that are genetically unrelated but share similar characteristics |
| phylogenetic tree | diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| cladistics | taxonomy of animals that share similar characteristics they inherited from a common ancestor |
| outgroup | distantly related organisms that serve as an outlier (primates, monkey, outgroup, mouse) |
| deme | population of species where the exchange of genetics is completely random |
| allopatric populations | when a species is isolated from other species in the area |
| sympatric populations | when a species life relies on interacting with other species |
| biogeography | the graphical distribution of plants and animals |
| zoogeography | the graphical distribution of animals |
| endemic | species found in only one location around the world |
| geological range | an area where a species can be found during its lifetime |
| holarctic region | global region of the northern hemisphere |
| palearctic region | Eurasia and northern africa |
| Nearctic region | North America to Mexico |
| oriental region | south west asia |
| neotropical region | south america |
| Ethiopian region | africa |
| Australian region | Australia |
| wisconsin glaciation | continental glacier that reaches from the arctic to midwest michigan |
| catadromous | fresh water fish that go to salt water to spawn |
| anadromous | salt water fish that go to fresh water to spawn |
| mechanosensory | ability for mammals to perceive signals through touch and hearing |
| octavolateral system | sense of hearing and equilibrium in aquatic species |
| electrosensory system | used for navigation, prey detection, and communication in fish |
| lateral line | allows for fishes to detect movements and pressure changes in surrounding water |
| ampullae of lorenzini | help a shark sense prey by detecting the electrical fields generated by activities of the prey |
| buccal cavity | the mouth |
| notochord | a cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals |
| placoid scale | spiny, toothlike scales |
| ganoid scale | rhomboid shape and have peg and socket joints to connect them |
| cycloid scale | smooth edged scales |
| ctenoid scale | scales with comb like edges |
| chromatophore | pigment barring cells that have the ability to change the skins color |
| photophore | organs in fish that are used to produce light, bioluminescence |
| hyoid arch | small, u shaped bone in the midline of the neck |
| operculum | protective covering for the gills |
| pectoral girdle | supporting the pectoral fins in locomotion and contribute to mouth expansion |
| myomeres | group of muscles that are divided by the spinal column |
| lamellae | filter oxygen from the water and into the blood |
| gill raker | filter that traps food particles from escaping through the gills |
| countercurrent flow | two phase flow regime where fluids flow in opposite directions |
| spiral valve | slows digestion in sharks and rays to allow maximum nutrition absorption |
| spiracle | bottom dwelling species of sharks that have openings near the eyes to take in water and ventilate gills |
| neuromast | sensory organ that aids in sensing mechanical changes in water |
| otolith | calcium carbonate structure that serves as the ear on fish |
| heterocercal tail | caudal fin composed of two asymmetrical fins |
| squalene | component of shark liver used to stay buoyant |
| piscivore | carnivorous animal that eats primarily fish |
| carnivore | animal that eats only meat |
| durophagous | carnivorous animals that eat hard shelled organisms |
| planktivore | animals that feed primarily on microscopic organisms |
| ovipary | shark that lay eggs that fully develop outside the mothers body |
| ovovivipary | shark that grow eggs inside the body, but they hatch immediately after leaving the mother |
| vivipary | sharks that give live birth |
| matrophy | maternal care associated with live birth |
| histotrophic vivipary | shark embryos that survive in the womb by consuming their wombmates |
| anguilliform | used by elongated fish for locomotion, eels |
| carangiform | the rear half of the body of the fish aids in locomotion |
| ostraciiform | locomotion of fish by using only the tail fin |
| isosmatic | fresh water fish |
| hypoosmotic | ability for salt water to not effect salt water fish |
| hyperosmotic | when the bodily fluid has a higher solute content than the environment |
| invasive species | species living in an area that it did not originate in |
| petromyzontifores | order of lampreys |
| chondrichthyes | cartilaginous fishes |
| actinopterygii | ray finned fishes |
| anthropomorphism | placing human emotions on animals |
