PHARMACOGNOSY
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PHARMACOGNOSY - Detalles
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HE first coined the word “Pharmacognosy” in what book? | 1 Johann Adam Schmidt 2 Materia Medica in 1811 |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
Pharmacognosy comes from what word? | Pharmakon - drug / medicine gignosco - knowledge |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
Knowledge/science of drugs | Pharmacognosy |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
Describes medicinal features of various plants | De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, 15th century |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
He wrote his doctoral thesis entitled ___ where he used the term “Pharmacognosy" | 1 C.A. Seydler (a medical student at Halle,Germany in 1815) 2 Analectica Pharmacognostica |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
Natural Sources of Crude Drugs | 1 Plant sources (Senna, Digitalis, Datura, Cascara, Cinchona, Clove, Opium, etc) 2 Animal sources (cochineal, cantharidin, honey, cod liver oil, musk, thyroxin, etc.) 3 Marine sources (sponges, red algae, agar, etc.) 4 Mineral sources (talc, kaolin, kieselguhr, etc.) |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
A substance obtained from a natural source. | Natural Products |
Types of Natural Products | 1 Crude Drug (Senna, Cascara, Cinchona) 2 Galenical preparations (extracts and tinctures) 3 Pure Compounds (morphine, atropine, digoxin) 4 Semisynthetic products (etoposide, teniposide, hyoscine butyl bromide) |
Are derivatives of natural products from plant alkaloids | Semisynthetic product |
What are the uses of natural products? | 1 As drugs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases 2 As pharmaceutic aids in pharmaceutical industry 3 In cosmetics as flavouring & colouring agents, etc. 4 In culture media for the propagation of M.O. in microbiology laboratories & biotechnology. 5 General uses e.g. in food industries: as dusting powders, as indicators and in perfumery |
Is one that is listed and described as being a definite therapeutic agent in the pharmacopoeia | OFFICIAL DRUG |
Is that one that are not recognized in the pharmacopoeia and is used as therapeutic agent. | UNOFFICIAL DRUG |
Preparation of drugs for commercial market | 1 Cultivation 2 Collection |
2 types of Drying | 1 Natural drying 2 Artificial drying |
Includes drying the drugs in (a) an oven; i.e. tray-dryers; (b)vacuum dryers and (c) spray dryers. | Artificial drying |
Should provide ample protection and economy of space- must maintain a high degree of quality of the drug | Packaging, storage and preservation |
Obtained from the direct parts of the plants and containing cellular tissues | Organized drugs - (rhizomes, barks, leaves, fruits, entire plants, hairs and fibers) |
Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
Antihypertensive | Rauwolfia |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Antihypertensive | Rauwolfia |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Animal drugs | 1 Produced from wild (whale, musk, deer) 2 Fished (Cod and halibut) 3 Domesticated animals (Hog, sheep, cattle) - lanolin and milk, hormones, endocrine, and some enzymes 4 Wild insects (cantharides) 5 Cultivated (honeybee) |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
The region in which the plant or animal yielding the drug grows | Geographic source/habitat |
Indigenous plant growing in southern US | Pinus palustris |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Naturalized drug introduced in the US from Europe | Daturastramonium |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Drugs in Leaves (Morph Classification) | Vasaka, Digitalis, Senna, Coca, Datura, Eucalyptus |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Production and channels of trade | Commercial origin of a drug |
Drugs in Barks (Morph Classification) | Cinnamin, Cinchona, Cascara, Ashoka, Arjuna |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Drugs in Flowers (Morph Classification) | Clove, Pyrethrum, Artemisia |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Drugs in Seed (Morph Classification) | Linseed, Mustard, Isapgol, Nux Vomica |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Antimalarial | Quinine (From Cinchona bark) |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Antiarrhythmic | Quinidine (From Cinchona bark) |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Drugs acting on G.I.T. | Carminative - Fennel, Cardamom, Mentha Emetic- Ipecac Antiamoebic -Kurchi, Ipecac Laxative -Agar, Isabgol, Banana Purgative- Senna, Castor oil Cathartic - Senna Bitter (stomachic, febrifuge, bitter tonic, & for digestive disturbances)- Cinchona, Quassia, Gentian |
Local anesthetic | Coca |
Carminative (GIT) | Fennel, Cardamom, Mentha |
Emetic (GIT) | Ipecac |
Antiamoebic (GIT) | Kurchi, Ipecac |
Laxative (GIT) | Agar, Isabgol, Banana |
Purgative (GIT) | Senna, Castor oil |
Cathartic (GIT) | Senna |
Bitter (stomachic, febrifuge, bitter tonic, & for digestive disturbances) (GIT) | Cinchona, Quassia, Gentian |
Drugs acting on Respiratory System | Antitussive - Opium (codeine) Bronchodilators – Ephedra, Tea Expectorant - Vasaka, Liquorice, Ipecac |
Antitussive | Opium (codeine) |
Bronchodilators | Ephedra, Tea |
Expectorant | Vasaka, Liquorice, Ipecac |
Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System | Cardiotonic - Digitalis, Strophantus,Squill Cardiac depressant -Cinchona, Veratrum Vasoconstrictor – Ergot Antihypertensive - Rauwolfia |
Cardiotonic | Digitalis, Strophantus, Squill |
Cardiac depressant | Cinchona, Veratrum |
Vasoconstrictor | Ergot |
Antihypertensive | Rauwolfia |
Drugs acting on Autonomic NervousSystem | Adrenergic - Ephedra Cholinergic - Physostigma, Pilocarpus |
Adrenergic | Ephedra |
Cholinergic | Physostigma, Pilocarpus |
Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System | Cardiotonic - Digitalis, Strophantus,Squill Cardiac depressant -Cinchona, Veratrum Vasoconstrictor – Ergot Antihypertensive - Rauwolfia |
Cardiotonic | Digitalis, Strophantus, Squill |
Cardiac depressant | Cinchona, Veratrum |
Vasoconstrictor | Ergot |
Antihypertensive | Rauwolfia |
Antispasmodic | Datura, Hyoscyamus, Opium, Curare |
Anticancer | Vinca, Podophyllum, Taxus |
Antirrheumatic | Aconite, Colchicum |
Anthelminthic | Quassia |
Astringent | Catechu |
Antimalarial | Cinchona, Artemesia |
Immunomodulatory | Ginseng |
Immunizing agent | Vaccines, Sera, Antitoxin |