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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
HE first coined the word “Pharmacognosy” in what book?1 Johann Adam Schmidt 2 Materia Medica in 1811
Pharmacognosy comes from what word?pharmakon - drug / medicine gignosco - knowledge
Study of crude drugs obtained from plants , animals and mineral kingdom and their constituents An applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and their constituentsPharmacognosy
Any product that has not been advanced in value nor improved in condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, distilling, evaporating, extracting, artificial mixing with other substances or by any other process or tx beyond what is essential to its proper packing and to the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture.Crude
describes medicinal features of various plantsDe Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, 15th century
He wrote his doctoral thesis entitled ___ where he used the term “Pharmacognosy"1 C.A. Seydler (a medical student at Halle,Germany in 1815) 2 Analectica Pharmacognostica
Vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse or longitudinal slices or peeling them in some cases.Crude Drugs/Natural products
Natural Sources of Crude Drugs1 Plant sources (Senna, Digitalis, Datura, Cascara, Cinchona, Clove, Opium, etc) 2 Animal sources (cochineal, cantharidin, honey, cod liver oil, musk, thyroxin, etc.) 3 Marine sources (sponges, red algae, agar, etc.) 4 Mineral sources (talc, kaolin, kieselguhr, etc.)
A substance obtained from a natural source.Natural Products
Types of Natural Products1 Crude Drug (Senna, Cascara, Cinchona) 2 Galenical preparations (extracts and tinctures) 3 Pure Compounds (morphine, atropine, digoxin) 4 Semisynthetic products (etoposide, teniposide, hyoscine butyl bromide)
are derivatives of natural products from plant alkaloidssemisynthetic product
What are the uses of natural products?1 As drugs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases 2 As pharmaceutic aids in pharmaceutical industry 3 In cosmetics as flavouring & colouring agents, etc. 4 In culture media for the propagation of M.O. in microbiology laboratories & biotechnology. 5 General uses e.g. in food industries: as dusting powders, as indicators and in perfumery
is one that is listed and described as being a definite therapeutic agent in the pharmacopoeiaOFFICIAL DRUG
is that one that are not recognized in the pharmacopoeia and is used as therapeutic agent.UNOFFICIAL DRUG
Preparation of drugs for commercial market1 Cultivation 2 Collection
Ensures quality and purity of medicinal plants. Due to the controlled environmental growth better plant product is obtained and makes the collection and processing steps easier when compared to wild sourcesCultivation
Most advantageous of this time is when the part of the plant that constitutes the drug is highest in its content of active principles and when the material will dry to give the maximum quality and appearanceCollection
hand labor (digitalis) / with the use of mechanical devicesHarvesting
Removes sufficient moisture to ensure good keeping qualities and to prevent molding, action of enzymes/bacteria, and chemical or other possible changesDrying
2 types of Drying1 Natural drying 2 Artificial drying
(sun-drying)-either direct sun-drying or in the shed. Drying in shed is preferred if the natural colour of the drug (digitalis, clove, senna) and the volatile principles of the drug (peppermint) are to be retained.Natural drying - digitalis, clove, senna, peppermint
includes drying the drugs in (a) an oven; i.e. tray-dryers; (b)vacuum dryers and (c) spray dryers.Artificial drying
It is the final step in the preparation of a crude drug; consists of the removal of extraneous matter(other plant parts, dirt , adulterants)Garbling
should provide ample protection and economy of space- must maintain a high degree of quality of the drugPackaging, storage and preservation
obtained from the direct parts of the plants and containing cellular tissuesOrganized drugs - (rhizomes, barks, leaves, fruits, entire plants, hairs and fibers)
prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissuesUnorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)