Connecting Cell-Cell and Cell-ECM junctions to the cytoskeleton

In multi-cellular organisms, such as humans, Cell-Cell junctions are crucial for the organization and function of tissues by maintaining adherence to neighbouring cells and preserving both cell shape and integrity. Non-adhered and some adhered cells also contain transmembrane receptor complexes that mediate interaction with the Extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM not only provides structural support to cells and tissues but also controls cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Both Cell-Cell junctions and Cell-ECM transmembrane receptor complexes are frequently linked to the intracellular cytoskeleton to enable cells to both resist and react to physical forces exerted by their environment