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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
the process of RBC production is callederythropoiesis
the body contains how many lymph nodes?500-600
lymph node size0.04-1inch
lymph nodes are found where?axillary, abdomen, thorax, cervical, and inguinal regions
the spleen stores approximately how much blood?500mL
deceased number of certain WBC’s is known asneutropenia
decreased number of platelets is known asthrombocytopenia
this is a condition in which there is a below-normal amount of RBC’s, causing a decrease in Hg and Hctanemia
this is a disease that results from the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12pernicious anemia
having two different genes is known asheterozygous
lymphatic system 3 basic functions1. maintenance of fluid balance 2. production of lymphocytes 3. absorption and transportation of lipids from the intestine to the bloodstream
the spleen is located where?the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm
another name for white blood cells isleukocytes
average lifespan of an RBC is120 days
another name for RBC iserythrocyte
where are erythrocytes (RBC’s) produced?red bone marrow
normal Hgb level in men and womenmen: 14-18 g/dL women: 12-16 g/dL
what is the process of phagocytosis?bacteria, cellular debris, and solid particles are destroyed and removed
lymphocytes are WBC’s that may be divided into 2 groups, what are they?T cells and B cells
what are thrombocytes? what’s their lifespan? where are they produced?platelets 5-9 days in red bone marrow
what do thrombocytes have a roll in?hemostasis (the prevention of blood loss) and assisting in forming blood clots
the process of clot formation1. injury occurs (blood vessel damaged) 2. hemorrhage begins 3. platelets activated, clump at site of damage 4. thromboplastin, released from platelets, reacts with calcium ions 5. prothrombin is converted to thrombin 6. fibrinogen forms fibrin 8. fibrin traps RBC’s and platelets, forming a blood clot 9. blood clot seals the damaged vessel
what blood types are the universal donor and universal recipient?type O universal donor type AB universal recipient
what is the function of the thymus?the thymus functions in utero, and for a few months after birth to help develop the immune system
what site is most commonly used for bone marrow aspiration?posterior iliac crest because there are no vital organs, blood vessels, or nerves (tibia can also be used but not preferred site)
what can anemia be caused by?excessive blood loss (such as hemorrhage), prolonged menstrual periods, and GI bleeding
what happens if a patients Hgb falls below 5 g/dL?may experience shock, hypotension, MI, stroke, confusion, and sometimes death
signs of hypovolemiaanxiety or agitation confusion cool, clammy skin decreased or no urine output diaphoresis general weakness hypotension low body temp pale skin color (pallor) weak and threads pulse rapid breathing tachycardia unconsciousness
average adult has a total blood volume of how many mL’s? and how much can you tolerate losing?6000mL’s and can lose 500mL’s
nursing interventions for pernicious anemialifetime therapy with vitamin B12
possible causes of aplastic anemia-autoimmune disorders -certain inherited conditions -certain medications -injections such as hepatitis, HIV -pregnancy -radiation therapy and chemo for cancer -toxic substances, such as pesticides -unknown causes
all three major blood elements (red cells, white cells, and platelets) is known aspancytopenic
medical management of aplastic anemiaavoid blood transfusions, if possible, to prevent iron overloading and to minimize the risk of rejection for a bone marrow transplant candidate
people who have higher iron needsill children, pregnant and lactating women
RBC’s do whatcarry oxygen and carbon dioxide
WBC’s do whatfight infections
causes of iron deficiency anemiablood loss, mainly GI or genitourinary systems, and inadequate daily iron intake
food sources of iron-dark green vegetables: spinach, swiss chard, kale, greens -dried fruits: apricots, dates, figs, prunes, raisins -eggs -iron-enriched/fortified breads or cereals -legumes and nuts -muscle meats, especially dark poultry meat -organ meats:liver, kidney, heart, tongue -shellfish -whole-grain breads and cereals
iron administration ruleif dosage is missed, continue with the schedule; do not double a dose
sickle cell anemia medical managementadequate hydration
nursing interventions for sickle cell anemiaproper anatomic alignment, protect joints, position patient slowly and gently, warm soaks or compresses
agranulocytosis pathophysiology (normal neutrophil value is 3000-7000/mm3)potentially fatal condition of the blood characterized by a servers reduction in the number of granulocytes, low WBC count, and a neutrophil count of less than 200/mm3
nursing interventions for agranulocytosisavoid fresh flowers and plants and raw foods such as sushi
different types of leukemia (4)1. acute lymphocytic leukemia 2. acute myeloid leukemia 3. chronic lymphocytic leukemia 4. chronic myeloid leukemia
leukemia clinical manifestationsfirst signs: enlarged lymph nodes and painless splenomegaly patient is predisposed to: anemia and thrombocytopenia
most common cause of increased destruction of platelets isthrombocytopenic purpura
medications with thrombocytopenic effects-aspirin -furosemide -oral hypoglycemics -penicillins -rifampicin -thiazides -sulfonamides -digitalis derivatives -nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents
thrombocytopenia medical managementcorticosteroids may help if the disorder is related to an autoimmune problem
hemophilia pathophysiologygenes causing hemophilia are inherited, it affects mainly males and females are typically carriers
blood transfusions are now safe becauseviral detection processes and viral inactivation of blood products have restored safety to transfusing blood products
hemophilia diagnostic testsblood clotting factors VIIII and IX are absent or deficient, and coagulation profile reveals a normal platelet count
hemophilia nursing interventionscontrol hemorrhages by applying pressure and cold to the site, and do not give aspirin or aspirin products because it can further complicate bleeding tendency
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) pathophysiologyresults from disease or injury including septicemia, obstetric complications, malignancies, tissue trauma, transfusion reaction, burns, shock, and snake bites. another whose fetus dies in utero, especially when delivery of the fetus is delayed
multiple myeloma nursing interventionsadminister chemotherapy and radiation, maintain hydration, encourage ambulation, fluid intake of 3-4 L/d and urinary output of 1.5-2 L/d
chemotherapy side effects-alopecia (hair loss) -appetite changes -bleeding problems -constipation/diarrhea -fatigue -infection -mouth and throat changes -N/V -nerve changes -pain -sexual infertility changes in women -skin and nail changes -swelling (fluid retention) -urination changes
hodgkin’s lymphoma pathophysiologyno major risk factors but occurs more frequently in people who have has mononucleosis (infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus), congenital immunodeficiency syndromes, taking immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplantation, exposed to occupational toxins, have a genetic predisposition