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Urinary Disorders - Marcador
Urinary Disorders - Detalles
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177 preguntas
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is the primary regulator of aldosterone? | The level of potassium in the plasma |
| What is the acceptable serum range for BUN? | 10-20 mg/dL |
| For an accurate BUN result, the patient should remain NPO for how long? | 8 hours before sampling |
| If the BUN is elevated, preventative measures should be implemented to protect the patient from possible _______ or ________. | Disorientation or seizures |
| Unlike BUN, creatinine levels are affected little by ______, _______, or _________. | Dehydration, Malnutrition, or Hepatic Function |
| What are the acceptable serum creatinine range for men and women? | Men: 0.7-1.3 Women: 0.6 -1 |
| Creatinine is generated during ______ _______. | Muscle contraction |
| What is the normal range for PSA? | Less than 4 ng/mL |
| For an accurate BUN result, the patient should remain NPO for ______ | 8 hours before sampling |
| Creatinine is generated during _______ _______. | Muscle contraction |
| What is the normal range for PSA? | Less than 4 ng/mL |
| What may be administered before an intravenous pyelography if the patient is allergic to iodine? | Corticosteroid or antihistamine; or alternatively ultrasonography |
| Pregnant nurses should refrain from caring for patients administered __________ substances. | Radioactive |
| Needle biopsy is also called _________. | Percutaneous biopsy |
| What are the two primary indications for the use of thiazide diuretics? | Systemic edema Mild to moderate hypertension |
| What is anuria? | Urine output of less than 100 mL/day |
| What is the most potent group of diuretics? | Loop diuretics |
| List the side effects associated with rapid fluid loss: | Vertigo Hypotension Circulatory collapse |
| Which type of diuretic is effective for use in patients with impaired kidney function? | Loop diuretics |
| Where do thiazide diuretics act? | Distal convoluted tube |
| Where do loop diuretics act? | Ascending loop of Henle |
| Where do potassium-sparing diuretics act? | Distal convoluted tube |
| What are the two types of potassium-sparing diuretics? | 1. Aldosterone antagonists 2. Nonaldosterone antagonists |
| Which type of diuretic is primarily used to lower intraocular pressure? | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics |
| Which medication is used for patients with chronic, recurrent UTIs as a preventative measure? | Methenamine mandelate |
| What type of catheter is used if there is blood in the urine? | Whistle-tip catheter |
| Which type of catheter has multiple openings on its tip? | Robinson catheter |
| List acid-ash foods: | Meat Whole grains Eggs Cheese Cranberries Prunes Plums |
| List alkaline-ash foods: | Milk Vegetables Fruits |
| What is a Malecot, de Pezzer, or mushroom catheters used for? | To drain urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney |
| How often should catheter care be performed? | Twice daily as needed |
| When can a suprapubic catheter be removed? | When the residual urine is consistently less than 50mL |
| What is mixed incontinence? | A mixture of stress and urge incontinence |
| What is a pessary? | A device inserted into the vagina to support the bladder and reduce pressure from the uterus |
| The loss of voluntary voiding control, resulting in urinary retention is called ________. | Neurogenic bladder |
| What causes spastic bladder? | An upper motor neuron lesion |
| What causes flaccid bladder? | A lower motor neuron lesion |
| What kind of medication aids in the bladder's contractility for a patient with neurogenic bladder? | Parasympathomimetic medication |
| What is cystitis? | Inflammation of the wall of the urinary bladder |
| Which urine test allows the patient to test the urine at home and call the HCP for a prescription? | Chemstrip 2 LN |
| Which disorder is thought to be caused by a breech in the bladder's protective mucosal lining? | Interstitial cystitis |
| What is the only oral medication approved by the FDA to treat interstitial cystitis? | Pentosan polysulfate sodium |
| Which foods and beverages are known to cause bladder irritation? | Aged cheese Alcohol Artificial sweeteners Chocolate Citrus juice Onions Soy Caffeine Tomatoes |
| How is a diagnosis of prostatitis confirmed? | Patient history and culture of prostatic fluid or tissue |
| What does the urinary system consist of? | Two kidneys Two ureters Bladder Urethra |
| Which kidney lies slightly lower than the other? | The right kidney |
| What lies directly below the renal capsule? | Renal cortex |
| What lies below the renal cortex? | The medulla |
| What does the medulla contain? | Pyramids |
| What do the narrow parts of the pyramids (papillae) do? | Empty urine into the calyces |
| What do calyces do? | Guide urine into the main part of the renal pelvis |
| The renal pelvis is an expansion of what? | The upper end of the ureter |
| What does a nephron resemble? | A microscopic funnel with a long stem and two convoluted sections |
| What is the process by which a nephron filters the blood? | 1. Controls body fluid levels 2. Regulates pH of blood 3. Removes toxic waste from blood |
| What are the two main structures of a nephron? | Renal corpuscle Renal tubule |
| Glomeruli are held inside a cuplike structure called ________. | Bowman's capsule |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the function of each nephron, ______ and ________. | Systemic blood pressure and filtrate formation |
| Which cells contain renin and can sense blood pressure? | Juxtaglomerular cells |
| The release of renin activates the ____________ mechanism. | Renin-angiotensin |
| List the three phases of urine formation: | 1. Filtration- of water and blood products 2. Reabsorption- of water, glucose, ions 3. Secretion- of ions, nitrogenous waste products, and drugs |
| Where does filtration occur? | In the glomerulus of Bowman's capsule |
| Where does reabsorption occur? | Proximal convoluted tubes Henle's loop Distal convoluted tubes |
| Where does secretion primarily occur? | Distal convoluted tube |
| The posterior pituitary gland releases which hormone? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| ADH causes the cells of the distal convoluted cells to _____________. | Increase rate of water absorption; raises blood pressure to more normal level, causes urine to become concentrated |
| How many mL of urine does the body form each day? | 1000 to 2000 mL |
| Why is the urine yellow? | Because of urochrome; result of the destruction of hemoglobin |
| What is the urine's specific gravity? | 1.003 to 1.030 |
| What can albumin in the urine indicate? | Renal disease Increased blood pressure Toxicity from heavy metals |
| What can erythrocytes in the urine indicate? | Infection Tumors Renal disease Kidney stone |
| When does ketoaciduria occur? | When too many fatty acids are oxidized |
| How much urine can the bladder hold? | 750-1000 mL |
| Why do the kidney's filtering mechanisms lose part of their functioning capacity with age? | Because of decreased blood supply and loss of nephrons |