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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What is the primary regulator of aldosterone?The level of potassium in the plasma
What is the acceptable serum range for BUN?10-20 mg/dL
For an accurate BUN result, the patient should remain NPO for how long?8 hours before sampling
If the BUN is elevated, preventative measures should be implemented to protect the patient from possible _______ or ________.Disorientation or seizures
Unlike BUN, creatinine levels are affected little by ______, _______, or _________.Dehydration, Malnutrition, or Hepatic Function
What are the acceptable serum creatinine range for men and women?Men: 0.7-1.3 Women: 0.6 -1
Creatinine is generated during ______ _______.Muscle contraction
Levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are normally higher in ________.Older men
What is the normal range for PSA?Less than 4 ng/mL
What is the acceptable serum range for BUN?10- 20 mg
For an accurate BUN result, the patient should remain NPO for ______8 hours before sampling
Creatinine is generated during _______ _______.Muscle contraction
What is the normal range for PSA?Less than 4 ng/mL
_______ men normally have higher levels of PSA.Older men
What may be administered before an intravenous pyelography if the patient is allergic to iodine?Corticosteroid or antihistamine; or alternatively ultrasonography
Pregnant nurses should refrain from caring for patients administered __________ substances.Radioactive
Needle biopsy is also called _________.Percutaneous biopsy
What are the two primary indications for the use of thiazide diuretics?Systemic edema Mild to moderate hypertension
What is anuria?Urine output of less than 100 mL/day
What is the most potent group of diuretics?Loop diuretics
List the side effects associated with rapid fluid loss:Vertigo Hypotension Circulatory collapse
Which type of diuretic is effective for use in patients with impaired kidney function?Loop diuretics
Where do thiazide diuretics act?Distal convoluted tube
Where do loop diuretics act?Ascending loop of Henle
Where do potassium-sparing diuretics act?Distal convoluted tube
What are the two types of potassium-sparing diuretics?1. Aldosterone antagonists 2. Nonaldosterone antagonists
Which type of diuretic is primarily used to lower intraocular pressure?Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics
Which medication is used for patients with chronic, recurrent UTIs as a preventative measure?Methenamine mandelate
What kind of diet helps to maintain a urine pH of 5.5?Acid-ash diet
1 French = a diameter of ____ mm.0.3 mm
What type of catheter is used if there is blood in the urine?Whistle-tip catheter
Which type of catheter has multiple openings on its tip?Robinson catheter
List acid-ash foods:Meat Whole grains Eggs Cheese Cranberries Prunes Plums
List alkaline-ash foods:Milk Vegetables Fruits
What is a Malecot, de Pezzer, or mushroom catheters used for?To drain urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney
How often should a patient with a catheter be repositioned?Every 1.5 hr
How often should catheter care be performed?Twice daily as needed
When can a suprapubic catheter be removed?When the residual urine is consistently less than 50mL
Where is clean technique acceptable for catheterization?In the home
Out of the 20 million Americans with bladder incontinence, what percentage are women?85%
What is mixed incontinence?A mixture of stress and urge incontinence
What is a pessary?A device inserted into the vagina to support the bladder and reduce pressure from the uterus
The loss of voluntary voiding control, resulting in urinary retention is called ________.Neurogenic bladder
What causes spastic bladder?An upper motor neuron lesion
What causes flaccid bladder?A lower motor neuron lesion
What kind of medication aids in the bladder's contractility for a patient with neurogenic bladder?Parasympathomimetic medication
What is the most common nosocomial infection?Bacteriuria
Urethritis is classified by the presence or absence of _________.Gonorrhea
What is cystitis?Inflammation of the wall of the urinary bladder
What is the most common microorganism causing acute cystitis?E. coli
Cystitis in men usually occurs ______ to another infection.Secondary
Which urine test allows the patient to test the urine at home and call the HCP for a prescription?Chemstrip 2 LN
Interstitial cystitis commonly affects women of which age?30- 40 years
Which disorder is thought to be caused by a breech in the bladder's protective mucosal lining?Interstitial cystitis
What is the only oral medication approved by the FDA to treat interstitial cystitis?Pentosan polysulfate sodium
Which foods and beverages are known to cause bladder irritation?Aged cheese Alcohol Artificial sweeteners Chocolate Citrus juice Onions Soy Caffeine Tomatoes
Symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis are often the same as ____.UTI
How is a diagnosis of prostatitis confirmed?Patient history and culture of prostatic fluid or tissue
How long are patients with chronic prostatitis given antibiotic therapy?4 to 16 weeks
What does the urinary system consist of?Two kidneys Two ureters Bladder Urethra
Which kidney lies slightly lower than the other?The right kidney
What is the primary substance secreted by the adrenal cortex? (adrenal glands)Aldosterone
What is the strong layer of connective tissue that covers the kidney called?Renal capsule
What lies directly below the renal capsule?Renal cortex
How many renal tubules are contained within the renal cortex?1.2 million
What lies below the renal cortex?The medulla
What does the medulla contain?Pyramids
What do the narrow parts of the pyramids (papillae) do?Empty urine into the calyces
What do calyces do?Guide urine into the main part of the renal pelvis
The renal pelvis is an expansion of what?The upper end of the ureter
What does a nephron resemble?A microscopic funnel with a long stem and two convoluted sections
What is the process by which a nephron filters the blood?1. Controls body fluid levels 2. Regulates pH of blood 3. Removes toxic waste from blood
How many times per day is the body's entire volume of blood filtered through the kidneys?60 times
What are the two main structures of a nephron?Renal corpuscle Renal tubule
The renal corpuscle is a network of capillaries called ________.Glomeruli
Glomeruli are held inside a cuplike structure called ________.Bowman's capsule
After the cleansed blood reaches the renal veins, it flows into the ___________.Inferior vena cava
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the function of each nephron, ______ and ________.Systemic blood pressure and filtrate formation
Which cells contain renin and can sense blood pressure?Juxtaglomerular cells
When systemic blood pressure drops, the juxtaglomerular cells release _______.Renin
Which cells sense changes in solute concentration and flow rate of filtrate?Macula densa cells
The release of renin activates the ____________ mechanism.Renin-angiotensin
List the three phases of urine formation:1. Filtration- of water and blood products 2. Reabsorption- of water, glucose, ions 3. Secretion- of ions, nitrogenous waste products, and drugs
Where does filtration occur?In the glomerulus of Bowman's capsule
Where does reabsorption occur?Proximal convoluted tubes Henle's loop Distal convoluted tubes
Where does secretion primarily occur?Distal convoluted tube
The posterior pituitary gland releases which hormone?Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH causes the cells of the distal convoluted cells to _____________.Increase rate of water absorption; raises blood pressure to more normal level, causes urine to become concentrated
How many mL of urine does the body form each day?1000 to 2000 mL
Which vital sign drops when the body experiences fluid loss?Blood pressure
Why is the urine yellow?Because of urochrome; result of the destruction of hemoglobin
What is the urine's normal pH?4.6-8
What is the urine's specific gravity?1.003 to 1.030
What can albumin in the urine indicate?Renal disease Increased blood pressure Toxicity from heavy metals
What can erythrocytes in the urine indicate?Infection Tumors Renal disease Kidney stone
When does ketoaciduria occur?When too many fatty acids are oxidized
How much urine can the bladder hold?750-1000 mL
A moderately full bladder holds _____ mL450 mL
When the bladder contains ____mL, there is a conscious desire to urinate250 mL
Why do the kidney's filtering mechanisms lose part of their functioning capacity with age?Because of decreased blood supply and loss of nephrons