Physiology Exam 1
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Physiology Exam 1 - Detalles
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Study of how bio systems perform their functions to maintain the steady-state internal environment | What is physiology? |
| FALSE | T/F: some cells live in isolation in the body. |
| All cells are designed differently so they can be specialized and the best at what they do | Describe diversity in cells |
| 1. water and ions 2. proteins 3. carbohydrates 4. nucleic acid 5. lipids | What are the ingredients of a cell? (5) |
| To provide structure (filaments and tubules) and function (enzymes) | What is the purpose of proteins in a cell? |
| Provide proper intracellular environment | What is the purpose of water and ions in a cell? |
| Provide energy for cell | What is the purpose of carbohydrates in a cell? |
| Energy and structure (membrane) | What is the purpose of lipids in a cell? |
| 1. membrane bound 2. non-membrane bound | Two types of organelles |
| Providing genetic information - especially protein synthesis and replication | What is the purpose of nucleic acids in a cell? |
| 1. encloses contents 2. separates internal env from extracellular fluid 3. controls exchange of substance with env | What is the purpose of the cellular membrane? |
| 1. lipids 2. proteins | Cellular membrane contains ______ and ______ that dictate structure and function. |
| Phospholipids | What molecules primary makeup cellular membrane? |
| 1. phosphate head 2. lipid tail | What makes up a phospholipid? |
| 1. polar 2. hydrophilic | Characteristics of phosphate head |
| 1. non-polar 2. hydrophobic 3. barrier to movement of water soluble solutions | Characteristics of lipid tails |
| Small, lipid-soluble molecules -ex. O2, CO2 | What can pass through the cellular membrane on its own? |
| Large, water-soluble molecules -ex. amino acids, ions, glucose | What cannot pass through the cellular membrane on its own? |
| -fits b/w phospholipids -determines permeability/impermeability of bilayer to water-soluble particles | What is the role of cholestrol? |
| -attach to lipids/proteins -involved in intercellular interactions/attachments -facilitate receptor/ligand interactions | What is role of carbohydrates? |
| Loose carb coat of entire outside of cell -important for signaling | What is a glycocalyx? |
| 1. integral 2. peripheral | Two main types of membrane proteins |
| -embedded in membrane -span from one side of membrane to the other - ex. receptors and transporters | Characteristics of integral proteins |
| -not attached -sit on other proteins & can leave -important for cellular communication | Characteristics of peripheral proteins |
| -continuous with nuclear envelope -two types | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| 1. smooth 2. rough | Two types of ER |
| -ribosomes attached to outer surface -synthesis of secreted/membrane proteins | Characteristics of rough ER |
| -no ribosomes attached -lipid synthesis | Characteristics of smooth ER |
| Transport vesicles | What brings products of ER to Golgi Apparatus? |
| 1. modification of proteins 2. package substances destined for secretion &/or intracellular organelles (ex. lysosomes) | Functions of golgi apparatus (2) |
| 1. lysosomes 2. other destinations (ex. outside of cell) | Where do vesicles sent from GA go? |
| Outside | Is there a higher concentrations of NA+ inside or outside of cell? |
| Inside | Is there higher concentration of K+ inside or outside of cell? |
| Maintenance of constant stable conditions in internal environment (ECF) | What is homeostasis? |
| Cycle of events where status of conditions in monitored, evaluated, changed and remonitored | What is a feedback system? |
| Controlled condition | Monitored variable= |
| Stimulus | Disruption= |
| 1. receptor 2. control center 3. effector | 3 components of feedback system |
| Monitor changes & sends input to control center | Describe a receptor |
| Sets range of values considered normal -evaluates input and generates outputs | Describe control center |
| Receives output from control center -generates a response | Describe effector |
| -unusual -increases size of input -self-propagating -results in explosive event -only stops when stimulus removed -ex. labor | Positive feedback |
| -very interactive -transports nutrients to cells; waste from cells -occurs at capillaries | Circulatory system & homeostasis |
| -gas exchange occurs -gives blood O2; CO2 removed by blood | Respiratory system & homeostasis |
| -absorbs nutrients after digestion -delivers to circulatory system -conserves water-> 9L in a day; 2L excreted | GI tract & homeostasis |
| -regulates H2O and solute balance -conserves filtered nutrients (glucose & amino acids) -excretes end products (urea/uric acid) | Kidney (Renal) & homeostasis |
| -releases hormones into ECF & carried in blood to target organs/cells - regulates vital functions | Endocrine & homeostasis |
| -communication w/ outside world -control systems w/i body -large portion is autonomic (involuntary) control | Nervous System & homeostasis |
| K+ | ___ gradient is a major determinant of electrical excitability |
| 1. simple diffusion 2. faciliated diffusion 3. osmosis | 3 types of passive transport |
| Random movement of particles | What is Brownian Motion? |
| Higher; lower -but not necessarily on purpose | Particles move from area of ____ concentration to areas of ____ concentration. |
| 1. size 2. lipid-solubility 3. charge | Membrane permeability based on (3): |
| -no energy needed -no carrier proteins needed -lipid-soluble molecules easily cross -other small lipid-insoluble can use channels | Characteristics of simple diffusion |
| 1. gated= some stimulus must open in 2. non-gated= tunnel | Two types of channels |
| 1. voltage-gated channels 2. ligand-gated channels | Two types of gated channels |
| Human Aquaporin I | Ex of non-gated tunnel |
| 1. size 2. shape 3. charge | Channels are selectively permeable based on (3): |
| 1. at resting conditions, gates are closed 2. stimulation -either alternation in membrane voltage or binding of ligand 3. channel opens | Summary of control of diffusion |
| TRUE | T/F: potential has to reach a threshold to open the gate. |
| FALSE -all or none | T/F: channel gates can halfway open. |
| 1. membrane permeability 2. concentration difference across the membrane 3. effect of electrical potential | Factors influencing diffusion (3): |
| Fick's law | What concept related to concentration differences? |
| Nernst equation | What concept relates to electrical potential? |
| 1. thickness of membrane 2. lipid solubility of substance itself 3. # of protein channel available 4. size of diffusing substance | Membrane permeability in diffusion depends on (4): |
| Rate of diffusion across cell membrane is proportional to concentration difference & permeability of partition to solution | Concentration difference in diffusion |
| Equilibrium that develops b/w concentration gradient and electrical gradient - EMF= (+/-)61logCi/Co | Nernst Equation |
| -occurs in direction of electrochemical gradient -no energy required -movement of solutes via carrier proteins -can become saturated | Characteristics of facilitated diffusion |
| FALSE | T/F: carrier proteins and channel proteins are the same. |
| -double-gated binding sites -finite # of binding sites (limit on transport rates) -3 types (uni-, sym-, antiporter) | Characteristics of carrier proteins |
| 1. uniporter= one molecule 2. symporter= 2 diff molecules in same direction 3. antiporter= 2 diff molecules in diff directions 2&3 most common | 3 classifications of carrier proteins |
| Water will only push until pressure of gravity on solute side balances pressure of water movement - hydrostatic pressure = osmotic pressure | Concept of osmotic pressure |
| 1. primary 2. secondary | Types of active transport |
| 1. uses ATP to move molecule "uphill" against concentration gradient 2. ATP-powered pumps used for this | Characteristics of primary AT |
| 1. ATP binding sites on cytosolic/cell sides 2. ATP -> ADP + Pi when molecules/ions transported | Characteristics of ATP powered pumps |
| 1. p-pumps 2. f-pumps 3. v-pumps 4. abc-pumps | Four classes of ATP powered pumps |
| Na+/K+ pump - 2 K+ in/ 2 Na+ out/ 1 ATP used -maintains resting membrane potential -present in all cells of the body | Example of MOST important p-pump & characteristics |
| H+-K+ pump -in stomach, kidney, intestines -2 H+ in/ 2 K+ out/ 1 ATP used | Example of a lesser important p-pump |
| Ca2+ pump aka PMCA - found in possibly all cells & ER & SR - CA2+ out of cells | Another example of lesser important p-pump |
| -does not use ATP directly -uses energy of downhill movement of other molecule | Characteristics of secondary active transport |
| 1. cotransporters (symporters) 2. exchangers (antiporter/countertransport) | Two major types of secondary active transport |
| Charged particles moving along the electrical gradient | Definition of electrical potential |
| FALSE | T/F: there is more Na+ inside the cell than outside. |
| TRUE | T/F: there is more K+ inside the cell than outside. |
| -94mV | What is K+ Nernst equilibrium potential? |
| +61mV | What is Na+ Nernst equilibrium potential? |
| K+ -leak channels favor K+, only a little Na+ comes through | Which is more of a main player in resting membrane potential: K+ or Na+? |
| -70mV | RMP for normal cell= |