Nutrition
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Nutrition - Marcador
Nutrition - Detalles
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Preguntas:
308 preguntas
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What animal requires Vit. A (retinol) in a preformed state and why? | Cats-- they cannot make it from beta carotene |
| Cats are poor at utilizing carbs, so how do they meet blood glucose requirements? | Gluconeogenesis rather than simple absorption |
| What are the 6 main nutrients and what is the most important of them all? | Carbs, protein, fats/lipids, water, minerals, & vitamins; WATER |
| When talking about the components of dry matter, what is included in the organic and what is included in the inorganic? | Organic- carbs, lipids, proteins and peptides, AA, NA, OA, vitamins Inorganic- essential macromolecules, micro-molecules, and non essential minerals |
| Tell me about the proper way to express protein concentration (or any concentration). | Express protein concentration as a percentage of dry matter rather than a percentage of food "as fed" (meaning including the water content of the food). |
| Regarding Weende analysis chart: What is present in the ether extract? | Everything fatty dissolved in ether extract. ex. triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, waxes, essential oils, carotenes, fat-soluble vitamins |
| Regarding Weende analysis chart: What is present in the Nitrogen free extract (NFE)? | *Thinks plant materials* ex. sugar, starch, glycogen, pectins, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin (last three are crude fiber) Note: water-soluble vitamins end up here |
| Regarding Weende analysis chart: What is present in the crude protein? | Proteins and peptides, amino acids and amines, purines and pyrimidines, nucleic acid, NH4 and urea |
| What is the reasoning behind calling crude protein, crude? | It is called crude protein simply because it is an estimate. That estimate is based on the assumption that protein is 16.2% nitrogen and that most nitrogen in food comes from protein.. using that assumption we get EQ: CP = N x 6.25 |
| Regarding plant material: Extraction with a neutral detergent fiber gives us... | Lignin, cellulose, and hemi cellulose |
| Regarding plant material: Extraction with an acid detergent fiber following the NDF gives us.. | Lignin and cellulose |
| What component of plant material is the MOST digestible? | Hemicellulose (think H = high) |
| What component of plant material is the least digestible? | Lignin (think L = low) |
| T or F: ADF is less digestible than a NDF | True, acid detergent fiber is less digestible than neutral detergent fiber. |
| Define balanced nutrition. | Balanced nutrition is meeting all the requirements without having excess. |
| Regarding body water content: 45-50% of a(n)___is water. | Pig at market weight |
| What happens at 5% dehydration? | Loss of appetite |
| What happens at 7% dehydration? | Metabolic disorders? |
| How many monosaccharides make up..(respectively) 1. oligosaccharide 2. monosaccharide 3. polysaccharides 4. disaccharides | 1. 3-10 2. 1 3. >10 4. 2 |
| What serves as a primary source of energy for animals? | Carbs, carbs, carbs!!! |
| Fill in the missing term! | Fecal energy (FE) |
| Fill in the missing term! | Net energy (NE) |
| Net energy (NE) is first used to meet an animals ___. | Maintenance energy |
| Regarding energy, what is the most readily available form of energy? | Carbs, carbs carbs.. again!! |
| Can protein be a source of energy? | Yes, but not the most efficient source. Carbs and then fat first. |
| Which vitamins are water soluble? | Vit. B's and C |
| Which vitamins are fat soluble? | ADEK! All dogs eat cats |
| What makes up a triglyceride? | Glycerol and three, usually different, fatty acids. |
| Tell me about nomenclature rules when numbering a fatty acid. | Starting from the carboxylic acid end is delta. Starting from the CH3 end is omega. |
| What are the three volatile fatty acids (short chain fatty acids) that are essential to ruminants? | Acetic, propionic, and butyric |
| One of the most common fatty acids in ruminant fat, important for mediating metabolic syndrome. | Palmitic |
| What are the three essential fatty acids that are necessary for metabolism and that animals are incapable of synthesizing them? Short or long chain fatty acids? | Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic; long chain fatty acids |
| What do you know about melamine? | It is 66% N and was once used to maliciously kill dogs. :( TOXIC to animals! |
| Regarding vitamins: Plays a critical role in vision. | Vit. A/ retinol |
| What does proteinogenic mean? | Protein creating |
| Taurine can be produces from cytosine in most animals with the exception of___. | Cats; cats lack the enzyme necessary and must obtain it from the diet directly. |
| Patient is a cat: Symptoms: cardiomyopathy, blindness, and infertility. Diagnosis: ??? | Taurine deficiency!! |
| What are the 10 essential AA? | PVT TIM HALL |
| How do we measure biological value of protein? | Nitrogen balance as the ratio of N retained to apparently absorbed N. BV= N intake - (N fecal + N urinary) / N intake - N fecal |
| Explain what biological value of protein is? | Ability of a specific dietary protein to supply AA in the relative amounts required for protein synthesis by body tissues. |
| If there is no nitrogen loss in urine, the biological value of dietary protein is___. | 100% (refer to equation) |
| Regarding vitamins: Most animals can synthesize ___ with sunlight but dogs, cats, and llamas can't. | Vit. D |
| Common name for Vitamin E | Tocopherol |
| What are the two potent antioxidants? | Vit. C and Vit. E |
| Regarding vitamins: Deficiency results in anemia, hepatic damage, and white muscle disease. | Vit. E (tocopherol) |
| Regarding vitamins: Deficiency results in hemorrhagic disorders. | Vit. K Note: Koagulation |
| Regarding vitamins: ___ is an oxidant in excess and can cause erythrocyte instability, hemolysis, and potentially fatal anemia. | Vit. K Note: Koagulation |
| Regarding vitamins: ___ in abundant in nuts and whole grains; deficiency of it causes beriberi and progressive neurological disorders. | Vit. B1 (thiamine) |
| Regarding vitamins: This is excreted via bile not urine. | Vit. B12 (cobalmin) |
| Regarding vitamins: ___ function in the synthesis of succinyl-CoA and is critical for the inclusion of propionate into the krebbs cycle. (impt. for ruminants) | Vit. B12 (cobalmin) |
| Regarding vitamins: Deficiency results in impaired methionine synthesis, impaired DNA synthesis, and impaired formation of RBC's. Neurological signs are also possible. | Cobalmin (Vit. B12) |
| Soluble carbs serve as____ while insoluble carbs serve as____. | Energy sources; structural support |
| Plants do not have this vitamin. | Vit. B12 (cobalmin) |
| Regarding vitamins: Important in collagen synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, synthesis of bile acid, and steriodogensis in the adrenal gland. | Ascorbic acid (vit. C) |
| Regarding vitamins: -Component of NAD and NADP -DEFICIENCY SIGN: Pigs- dermatitis, enteritis, anorexia | Niacin (vit. B3) |
| Regarding vitamins: -Deficiency has been reported in pigs and poultry -DEFICIENCY SIGN: altered gait, poor growth, dermatitis | Pantothenic acid (vit. B5) |
| Regarding vitamins: DEFICIENCY SIGN: hyperammonemia, oxidative stress, and secondary neurological signs, iameniam cardiovascular dysfunction | Pyridoxine (vit. B6) |
| What are the 4 essential but potentially toxic minerals? | Flourine, selenium, molybdenum, and copper |
| What are the three minerals that are always considered toxic? | Lead, mercury, and cadmium |