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level: Most of block 2, beginning of block 2 on level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Most of block 2, beginning of block 2 on level 1

QuestionAnswer
Regarding minerals: ___ is part of skeletal tissues, conducting nerve impulses, blood clotting, and plays an important role is the function of WBCs.Calcium
Regarding minerals: A decrease in blood calcium causes increased or decreased release of PTH?Increased
What are the three actions of PTH?1. increase intestinal absorption of Ca 2. decrease renal loss 3. mobilization from bone Remember, parathy keeps it high!
Regarding minerals: Prolonged deficiency of this mineral is compensated for by increasing resorption from bone leading to osteoporosis.Calcium
Regarding minerals: Plays a VITAL role in nutrition and physiology!Calcium
The ratio of Ca to P is usually 1:1 or 1:2 except in ___ where it is 13:1.laying hens
True or false: Excess of P increases intestinal resorption of Ca.False, decreases.
Regarding minerals: Deficiency results in Ricketts and osteomalacia, just like vitamin D deficiency.Calcium
Not a question... Excess calcium, hypercalcemia, results from hyperparathyroidism or cancer, not usually nutritional. It causes constipation, vomiting, reduced feed intake, and abberant calcium depositionFACT!
True or false: 55% of all body calcium is ionized calcium, the usable form.False, 99% is in bone, the other one percent is mostly in cell organelles, and the left over part of that 1% is 55% ionized calcium
Regarding minerals: Of all essential dietary minerals for dairy cows, ___ presents the greatest risk for environmental contamination. Accurate and precise management is essential to optimize performance and minimize excretion.Phosphorus
Regarding minerals: ___ has more known functions than any other mineral element.Phosphorus
Regarding minerals: 80% of phosphorus is stored in ___.bones and teeth
Regarding minerals: Active absorption of these two minerals is mediated by vitamin DCalcium and phosphorus
Regarding minerals: Deficiency leads to pica which leads to botulism.Phosphorus
Regarding minerals: Deficiency of phosphorus results with too much ___.Calcium
Regarding minerals: In excess... -increases bone resorption, hypocalcemia -decreases Mg absorptionPhosphorus
Regarding minerals: Deficiency results in Pica, dehydration, and intense craving for salt but is an unusual deficiency.Sodium (Na)
Regarding minerals: In excess causes hypertension, reduced feed intake, neurological signs. BUT it is really difficult to feed excess if water is available.Sodium (Na)
Regarding minerals: Principle anion in ECFChloride
Regarding minerals: Modest dietary excess of ___ plays an important role in calcium metabolism of dairy cows during transition from a dry period to lactation.Potassium (K)
Regarding minerals: This mineral alters neuromuscular function. -Def: reduced ATP production, tatty, seizures -Excess: RARE, large capacity to excrete in urineMagnesium
Regarding minerals: Regulated 3 prime and 4 prime structures of some AA. These AA containing this mineral are essential to all kinds of mammalian life.Sulfur
Regarding minerals: Deficiency of this mineral is often associated with protein deficiency. However, this is the opposite for ruminants. Ruminants get a protein deficiency because of this mineral deficiency.Sulfur
True or false: Excess of sulfur is rare, but high rumen sulfur can kill rumen microbes casing rumen acidosis which causes thiamine deficiency.True
What are these minerals categorized as... Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, and iodine.Trace minerals
Name the toxic metals. *Note: they are usually present in trace amount in animal foods.Aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury
Fermented crop.Silage
Plants used for feeding livestock are termed ___.Forages
Grasses, legumes, forms, and browse are all ___.Herbage
Have the ability to fix nitrogen a. grasses b. legumes c. forbs d. browseb.
True or false: Older plants are more digestible and more palatable.False, younger plants are because they only have a one layer cell wall
What are the three main components of a plant cell wall?Lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose
Regarding dry matter intake: As the % of NDF, aka fiber, increases.. animals consume more/less?less
DMI, dry matter intake, can be estimated by 120/ %___...?% NDF
If the NDF value of forage is 40% what is the DMI (dry matter intake)?124/40%= 3% of body weight
Relative feed values increases when an animal consumes more/less and is able to utilize it better/less efficiently.More/ better
How do you calculate relative feed value?RFV= (%DDM x %DMI) / 1.29 DDM= digestible dry matter DMI= dry matter intake
Regarding relative food value (RFV) of common forages: Prebud alfalfa has a higher/lower crude protein value than bloomed alfalfa.Higher
Regarding relative food value (RFV) of common forages: Prebud alfalfa has a higher/lower NDF value than bloomed alfalfa.Lower
Regarding relative food value (RFV) of common forages: Prebud alfalfa has a higher/lower RFV value than bloomed alfalfa.Higher
True or false: As alfalfa ages, RFV goes up considerably.False, down considerably.
True or false: Hay, as a nutrient, is much higher quality than straw.True
___ is a dried field crop.Hay
Wheat is harvested, the dried plant remaining after harvest is ___.Straw
Fermenting a crop, instead of drying, under anaerobic conditions.Silage
What is the most common silage?Corn
True or false: Increasing the % physically effective NDF (peNDF) increases the pH how?more chewing of the chud (rumination) adds more buffers to the rumen and basically prevent from becoming too acidic and killing rumen bacteria.
The major reason for feeding cereals and grains is the high ___ content.Starch
Most ___ fed are deficient in lysine and methionine.grains
True or false: When making flour we want the bran which is highly digestible and contains lots of carbs.False, endosperm! Bran is the shell, mostly cellulose which is not that digestible.
True or false: Processed grains are more digestible, the more fine the grain the more digestible.False, if too fine the grain becomes less digestible
Animal fats can be fed to ruminants provided that no ___ are included!Proteins
What are fats and oils used in animal feeding?Intended to add energy. Fats have about 4 times as much energy than carbs or proteins and they help to absorb fat soluble vitamins.
Protein supplements, like oilseed meals, are high in crude protein; around ___%.40%
Animal byproducts are a health hazard and strictly regulated because...?health hazard-- prion disease!
True or false: Cu and Mo are examples of minerals that affect the absorption or function of others.True
What is the ratio of P to Ca normally? What is it in laying hens?1:1 or 2:1 1:13 REMEMBER: he can ask with phosphorus first and calcium second!
Deficiency of this mineral results in milk fever.Calcium
Piglets raised inside are normally given injections of what?Iron (Fe)
Deficiency is this mineral results in break in wool in sheep, and in excess is fatal to sheep. Sheep are the most sensitive to excess of this mineral.Copper (Cu)
What mineral is present in many feeds but deficient in corn?Manganese (Mn)
Ruminants need this mineral to make vit. B12.Cobalt
Excess of this mineral results in goiter because it interferes with iodine uptake.Cobalt
In excess, this mineral causes copper deficiency.Mo
A deficiency of this mineral results in white muscle disease and in excess is toxic.Selenium (Se)
Within narrow lines, selenium acts with this vitamin and one can compensate for another.Vit. E
In both deficiency and excess of this mineral we see hypothyroidism.Iodine (I)
Deficiency of this mineral results in red insulin sensitivity.Chromium (Cr)
True or false: In some circumstances toxic minerals in specified amounts are very good for animal bodies.FALSEEEE
Order most to least digestible: Starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, sugar, ligninSugar, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
True or false: NDF is more digestible than cell content.False
___ are nonwoody plants.Forbs
___ are woody plants.Browse
___ grass is cool season while ___ and switchgrass and warm season grasses.Timothy; Bermuda
True or false: Hay is high in cellulose and lignin which is less digestible than strawFalse, straw is high in cellulose and lignin and is normally used for bedding while hay is more digestible and is used to feed animals! DON' FORGET IT!
True or false: Both straw and hay start as field crops but hay is cut before the plant goes to seed and straw is what's left over after harvest and is dried.True
Most grains fed are deficient in lysine and ___.methionine
What is used as nonprotein Nitrogen and why?Feed grade urea. It is 46% N which is a crude protein value of 287%. It tastes bitter and is potentially toxic if not given in very small amounts!
Remember: Chicken production and egg production is in the south/southeast and turkey production is in the ___.central US
Feeding is what fraction of operation costs?2/3
When feeding poultry.. Grain, mostly corn, is 50-___% of total ration. Oats and barley have a limit of incorporation of ___-___%. Fats have a limit of incorporation of ___-___% because of the possibility of rancid feed in hot weather. Fats in that small amount increase palatability and decrease dustiness.80 10-15 5-10
When feeding poultry, higher energy rations MUST have a ___ nutrient concentration. When feeding lower energy rations nutrient concentration must be ___. Why?Higher; lower Because chickens only eat to meet their energy requirements.
True or false: Young animals can have pelleted foods at farmers discretion.False
True or false: Baby chicks require more water than adult hens.FALSE- that makes no sense think of the size difference *TA said this was a question before*
FIB about laying hens: 0-6 wks are fed ___ ration which is ___% protein. 6-14 wks are fed ___ ration which is ___% protein. 14-20 wks are fed ___ ration which is ___% protein. 20+ wks are fed ___ ration which is ___ % protein.starter; 18-20 grower; 15 developer;12 laying;14.5
In laying hens, salt is usually increased/decreased to avoid the occurrence of wet droppings.decreased
True or false: Calcium intake is important for proper egg shell formation. Regular amount is 3.4 g/day until 40 weeks and then ___ g/day is required.3.8
True or false: Antibiotics now require a veterinary prescription.True
For laying hens, ___ is the first limiting AA and should be supplemented.methionine
Regarding broilers, what statement is false: a. all in all out system b. protein concentration is much higher then laying hens from the start c. food schedule is starter to grower to finisher d. brought in at 1 day old and out at 8-9 weeksd. is incorrect because its 6-7 wks
Regarding turkeys, which statement is false: (pick 2) A. turkey posts get stressed very easily B. separated by sex C. Toms have a higher protein requirement D. Females are grown later then males because of their small size E. Started ration is 20% proteinD. toms are grown later than females E. 28%
In calcium deficiency dogs and cows both experience milk fever but differently, how so?Cows- flaccid Dog- tetany
True or false: Calcium excess in common and due to excess in feedstuffs.False, calcium excess is almost never nutritional and regularly associated with hyperparathyroidism or cancer.
True or false: Phosphorus deficiency can results from too much calcium in the diet (hypercalcemia).True
True or false: Low rumen sulfur causes rumen acidosis and thiamine deficiency in ruminants.False, high!