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Infant and toddler development


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Kelly Wright


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[Front]


Trust Vs Mistrust
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0-1: Infant learns whether world should be trusted or feared; largely as a response to parents reaction to cries for food, need and affection

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Infant and toddler development - Detalles

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Preguntas:

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Autonomy vs doubt and shame
1-3: Toddler gains reassurance from tasks such as self-feeding crawling and walking, and even exploring own body
Trust Vs Mistrust
0-1: Infant learns whether world should be trusted or feared; largely as a response to parents reaction to cries for food, need and affection
Intitiative versus guilt
3-6: children play alone, but around other people. Enjoys "showing off" and "being good." develops a conscious and accepts punishment for wrong doing to clear guilt; generally do not have a concept of time
Reflexes that allow an infant to take milk
Sucking and rooting (0-6 mo)
Baby food preferences
Smooth, thin, lukewarm, and bland
Most common side effects of immunizations
Low-grade fever, local reaction such as tenderness or swelling at injection site
First teeth
Between 6 and 8 months; lower central incisors (usually).
Growth rate of preschoolers
3-5 lb per year and 2.5 inches per year
Example includes three year olds talking to toys or pets
Noncommunicative or egocentric language
The first permanant teeth
6 year molars, which appear directly behind deciduous molars and define jawline
Reflexes present at birth
Monoro, babinski, rooting, and tonic neck
Toddler stage of psychosocial development
Autonomy (Independence) vs doubt and shame
Virtures of the toddler
Self-contro and willpower, and discipline
Significant toddler development
Growth slows while motor, social, and language develop rapidly
Significant toddler mile stones
Stands and walks alone with progression toward balance (as on one foot) Toilet training (partial or fulll) Holds a spoon and drinks from a cup Language explosion... no and mine Parallel play and make believe begin
Behavioral characterisitics of a toddler
Negativisim, responds to most things with "no" to assert individuality finds security in ritualism Temper tantrums
Toddler play
Parallel, imitation of role models, gradual self control, finger paint, playdough thick crayons, large puzzles (safety concerns)
A Preschooler's favorite word
Why... "sponges of information"
Physical milestone of preschoolers
Wanna "be big", throw and catch a ball, better balance
Preschoolers may gain....
Less than 6 lbs and about 3 inches annually
Virtue of the preschooler
Sense of direction and purpose
First missing teeth are usually
Central incisors usually first to go between the ages of 5 and 6 (late preschool)
Age of "naughty words"
Preschool 4 and 5
Magical thinking and imagination contribute during the preschool years may contribute to
Fears and anxieties, also nightmares which may lead to sleep disturbances
Greatest areas of concern during preschool years
•Sibling rivalry •Phobias and nightmares •Masturbation •Enuresis
Appetite of the preschooler
Erratic and decreased (nutritious snacks and rituals are important)
Preschool immunizations and screenings (annual visits recommended)
Boosters of MMR, polio, dTP•Vision and hearing •Denver Developmental screening (for developmental delays)
Preschoolers may show aggression by
Verbally by name calling and physically by pushing, shoving, kicking, and biting
Why spanking is ineffective
Removes responsibility from the child
Cephalocaudal:
Growth following an orderly pattern from the head downward.
Proximodistal growth
Starts in the center and progresses outward. (EX. Child can wave arms before picking things up with fingers)
Initiative versus Guilt
The School age child develops a conscience and sense of right and wrong. No concept of time
Industry versus Inferiority
The School age child competes with others and enjoys accomplishing tasks.
Identity versus Role Confusion—the adolescent goes through physical and emotional changes as he or she develops as an independent person with goals and ideas. Relationship with peers is very important
The adolescent goes through physical and emotional changes as he or she develops as an independent person with goals and ideas. Relationship with peers is very important
Sensorimotor phase
The infant uses the senses for physical satisfaction.
Preoperational phase:
2-7 yrs; sees the world from an egocentric or self-centered point of view.•No concept of quantity or time
Concrete operations phase:
7-11 yrs; the child learns to problem solve in a systematic way•Consider another’s point of view•Exhibits reversibility, seriation, and conservation of matter
Formal operations phase: the adolescent has his or her own ideas and can think in abstract ways.
The adolescent has his or her own ideas and can think in abstract ways.
The school-aged child develops the cognitive skills to understand
Conservation of numbers, mass, weight, and volume; to see different aspects of a problem at the same time
Primary concerns for school agers
Sibling rivalry •Responsibilities •Sex education•Substance Abuse