Fluids & Electrolytes
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Fluids & Electrolytes - Marcador
Fluids & Electrolytes - Detalles
Niveles:
Preguntas:
120 preguntas
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is the largest component of the body? | Water (50%-80%) |
| Why are older adults and obese populations at a greater risk for complications resulting from dehydration? | Reduced fluid reserve in the body |
| Where is more than half of an infant's body fluid found? | Extracellularly |
| What kind of fluid is lost more rapidly? | Extracellular |
| Which fluid compartment is larger? | Intracellular fluid compartment |
| What is the intracellular fluid composed of? | Fluid inside the cells Solutes (dissolved particles) |
| What does extracellular fluid contain? | Fluid outside the cells Oxygen and carbon dioxide Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids Sodium Calcium Chloride Bicarbonate |
| Where is interstitial fluid found? | Between the cells or in the tissues |
| List 3 examples of interstitial fluid: | Lymph Cerebrospinal fluid Gastrointestinal secretions |
| What is intravascular fluid? | Plasma within the vessels; contains serum, protein, and other necessary substances |
| What is homeostasis? | Keeping body fluids in balance |
| What is the average adult fluid intake per day? | 2200-2700 mL/day |
| What should the daily oral intake of fluids be? | 1100-1400 mL/day |
| Solid foods contribute how much fluid per day? | 800-1000 mL/day |
| Where are osmoreceptors located? | Hypothalamus |
| What do osmoreceptors measure? | The concentration of the blood |
| When is the sensation of thirst present? | When the number of the solutes in the blood is higher than normal |
| What is a simple and accurate way to determine water balance? | Weighing the patient under controlled conditions |
| Passive transport processes do no require ____________. | Cellular energy |
| Active transport obtains its energy from ______. | ATP (adenosine triphosphate). |
| Where is ATP produced? | In the mitochondria of cells from nutrients |
| Which are the primary processes of passive transport? | Diffusion Osmosis Filtration |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Material combines with carriers to cross the cell membrane |
| What is osmosis? | Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from lower concentration to higher concentration |
| Solutions that have higher concentrations of electrolytes than body fluids are considered _______. | Hypertonic |
| What is the force behind filtration? | Hydrostatic pressure |
| The process of moving molecules against pressure through a membrane with the use of carriers and energy from a cell is known as _______________. | Active transport |
| What is an electroylte? | A substance that develops an electrical charge when it dissolves in water |
| What are ions? | Electrically charged particles |
| List four cations within the body: | Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) |
| The anions found in the body are: | Chloride (Cl) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Sulfate (SO4) Hydrogen phosphate |
| For a balance to exist among the electrolytes, what must be present for each positively charged cation? | Negatively charged anion |
| The measure of chemical activity of an ion is a _________. | Milliequivalent |
| What is the normal blood level of sodium? | 134-145 mEq/L |
| What is treatment for hyponatremia? | Sodium replacement Water restrictions |
| What is the main function of potassium? | Regulation of water and electrolyte content within the cell |
| Any condition that decreases urinary output also causes ____________. | Potassium retention |
| What is the major cause for potassium loss? | Renal excretion |
| What is the major cause of potassium excess? | Renal disease |
| Hyperkalemia is less common than hypokalemia, but is more ________ | Dangerous; can cause cardiac arrest |
| What is the normal blood level of chloride? | 96-106 mEq/L |
| What is one of the most important functions of calcium? | Enzyme activator for chemical reactions in the body |
| The normal ionized calcium level is ____ to _____. | 4.5mEq - 5.6mEq |
| What kind of relationship does phosphorus have with calcium? | Inverse relationship |
| What are normal phosphorus values? | 2.4- 4.2 mEq/dl |
| What is the normal level of magnesium? | 1.5-2.5 mEq/dL |
| Which vitamins should be taken along with magnesium rich foods? | B-complex vitamins |
| What is the major function of bicarbonate (HCO3)? | Regulate acid-base balance |
| What is the normal bicarbonate (HCO3) level? | 22-24 mEq/L |
| What are the 3 systems that keep the pH within its normal range? | Blood buffers Respiratory system Kidneys |
| Which is the most important blood buffering system? | Bicarbonate/carbonic acid system |
| What is the body's second line of defense in regulating hydrogen ions (pH)? | Respiratory system (the lungs) |
| How do the kidneys help regulate pH? | By excreting acids or bases as needed |
| In respiratory acidosis, how long may it take for compensation to occur by the renal system? | 24 hours or more |
| Respiratory alkalosis is caused frequently by ________. | Hyperventilation, secondary to anxiety Adult respiratory distress syndrome CHF Head trauma Blood loss Pneumonia |
| When does metabolic acidosis occur? | Gain of hydrogen ions, or loss of bicarbonate |
| List some causes of metabolic acidosis: | Diabetic ketoacidosis Lactic acid increase Starvation Diarrhea Renal failure |
| When does metabolic alkalosis occur? | When acid is lost from the body, or bicarbonate level increases |