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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What is the largest component of the body?Water (50%-80%)
Why are older adults and obese populations at a greater risk for complications resulting from dehydration?Reduced fluid reserve in the body
A 20% loss of fluid in an adult is ______.Fatal
Where is more than half of an infant's body fluid found?Extracellularly
What kind of fluid is lost more rapidly?Extracellular
Which fluid compartment is larger?Intracellular fluid compartment
Intracellular fluid makes up ___% of the body's fluid66%
What is the intracellular fluid composed of?Fluid inside the cells Solutes (dissolved particles)
What does extracellular fluid contain?Fluid outside the cells Oxygen and carbon dioxide Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids Sodium Calcium Chloride Bicarbonate
Where is interstitial fluid found?Between the cells or in the tissues
List 3 examples of interstitial fluid:Lymph Cerebrospinal fluid Gastrointestinal secretions
What is intravascular fluid?Plasma within the vessels; contains serum, protein, and other necessary substances
What is homeostasis?Keeping body fluids in balance
What is the average adult fluid intake per day?2200-2700 mL/day
What should the daily oral intake of fluids be?1100-1400 mL/day
Solid foods contribute how much fluid per day?800-1000 mL/day
Fluid produced by from cellular metabolism provides _____mL/day300 mL/day
Where are osmoreceptors located?Hypothalamus
What do osmoreceptors measure?The concentration of the blood
When is the sensation of thirst present?When the number of the solutes in the blood is higher than normal
What are the functioning units of the kidneys?Nephrons
How much urine must the kidneys excrete to effectively eliminate waste products?30 mL/h
What is a simple and accurate way to determine water balance?Weighing the patient under controlled conditions
Intravascular fluid makes up ___% of total body fluid7%
Passive transport processes do no require ____________.Cellular energy
Active transport obtains its energy from ______.ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Where is ATP produced?In the mitochondria of cells from nutrients
Which are the primary processes of passive transport?Diffusion Osmosis Filtration
The natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration is called _________.Diffusion
What is facilitated diffusion?Material combines with carriers to cross the cell membrane
What is osmosis?Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from lower concentration to higher concentration
Solutions that have higher concentrations of electrolytes than body fluids are considered _______.Hypertonic
Solutions that have fewer electrolytes than body fluids are called ______.Hypotonic
________ solutions pull fluid from the cells.Hypertonic
Which type of solution moves into the cells causing them to enlarge?Hypotonic
When solutions reach equal concentration, they are said to be _________.Isotonic
_______ solutions expand the body's fluid volume without causing a fluid shiftIsotonic
The transfer of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure is called ________.Filtration
What is the force behind filtration?Hydrostatic pressure
The process of moving molecules against pressure through a membrane with the use of carriers and energy from a cell is known as _______________.Active transport
Active transport carriers are also called ______.Pumps
What is an electroylte?A substance that develops an electrical charge when it dissolves in water
What are ions?Electrically charged particles
Ions with a positive charge are called ______.Cations
Ions with a negative charge are called _______.Anions
List four cations within the body:Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg)
The anions found in the body are:Chloride (Cl) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Sulfate (SO4) Hydrogen phosphate
For a balance to exist among the electrolytes, what must be present for each positively charged cation?Negatively charged anion
The measure of chemical activity of an ion is a _________.Milliequivalent
Sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte, and _______ is the primary intracellular electrolyte.Potassium
What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?Sodium
What is the normal blood level of sodium?134-145 mEq/L
How many mEq of sodium is poured into the digestive system during a 24 hr period?1000 to 1300 mEq/L
What occurs when the sodium level in extracellular fluid drops to less than 135 mEq/L?Hyponatremia
What is treatment for hyponatremia?Sodium replacement Water restrictions
Hypernatremia occurs when sodium is exceeds ____mEq/L145 mEq/L
What is the main function of potassium?Regulation of water and electrolyte content within the cell
How much potassium is required each day to maintain normal blood serum level?65 mEq
Any condition that decreases urinary output also causes ____________.Potassium retention
What happens when the body's potassium level is less than 3.5 mEq/L?Hypokalemia
What is the major cause for potassium loss?Renal excretion
Hyperkalemia occurs when the potassium level is greater than _____mEq/L5 mEq/L
What is the major cause of potassium excess?Renal disease
Which level of potassium carries the risk of serious cardiac dysrhythmias?7 mEq/L or greater
Hyperkalemia is less common than hypokalemia, but is more ________Dangerous; can cause cardiac arrest
What can be administered to the hyperkalemic patient that will bind with the potassium and remove it through the GI tract?Kayexalate
What is the normal blood level of chloride?96-106 mEq/L
Symptoms of acidosis may indicate high ________ levels.Chloride
What is one of the most important functions of calcium?Enzyme activator for chemical reactions in the body
The normal ionized calcium level is ____ to _____.4.5mEq - 5.6mEq
What occurs when calcium levels fall below 4.5 mEq/L?Hypocalcemia
Carpal spasms caused by hypocalcemia are also called ________.Trousseau sign
Phosphorus makes up __% of a persons total body weight.1%
What kind of relationship does phosphorus have with calcium?Inverse relationship
What are normal phosphorus values?2.4- 4.2 mEq/dl
What is the 4th most abundant mineral in the body?Magnesium
What is the normal level of magnesium?1.5-2.5 mEq/dL
Which vitamins should be taken along with magnesium rich foods?B-complex vitamins
The kidneys conserve magnesium by excreting _________.Potassium
What may be necessary to remove excess amounts of magnesium from the blood?Dialysis
What is the major function of bicarbonate (HCO3)?Regulate acid-base balance
What is the normal bicarbonate (HCO3) level?22-24 mEq/L
A solution with a high number of hydrogen ions is an _______.Acid
A solution with a low number of hydrogen ions is an ________.Alkaline
1 part carbonic acid to 20 parts bicarbonate is the ratio needed for ________.Homeostasis
What are the 3 systems that keep the pH within its normal range?Blood buffers Respiratory system Kidneys
Which is the most important blood buffering system?Bicarbonate/carbonic acid system
Carbon dioxide becomes ________ when dissolved in water?Carbonic acid
What is the body's second line of defense in regulating hydrogen ions (pH)?Respiratory system (the lungs)
How do the kidneys help regulate pH?By excreting acids or bases as needed
What is the slowest system in the body to balance pH?The kidneys
In respiratory acidosis, how long may it take for compensation to occur by the renal system?24 hours or more
Respiratory alkalosis is caused frequently by ________.Hyperventilation, secondary to anxiety Adult respiratory distress syndrome CHF Head trauma Blood loss Pneumonia
When does metabolic acidosis occur?Gain of hydrogen ions, or loss of bicarbonate
List some causes of metabolic acidosis:Diabetic ketoacidosis Lactic acid increase Starvation Diarrhea Renal failure
When does metabolic alkalosis occur?When acid is lost from the body, or bicarbonate level increases
Which gauge catheter should be used in an adult who is only receiving fluids?20, 21, 22 gauge
Which gauge catheter should be used when administering blood?18-22 gauge
The seepage of nonirritating solution or medication into tissue surrounding the vessel is called ________.Infiltration
When inserting an IV, which angle of insertion should be used for an older adult?5 to 15 degrees