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Chapter 20 (Complementary & Alternative Therapies)


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complementary therapies
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treatments used in addition to conventional health care regimens recommended by a person's health care provider

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Chapter 20 (Complementary & Alternative Therapies) - Detalles

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Complementary therapies
Treatments used in addition to conventional health care regimens recommended by a person's health care provider
Alternative therapies
Often include the same interventions as complementary therapies but frequently become the primary treatment modality that replaces allopathic medicine
Allopathic medicine
Traditional or conventional Western medicine
Holistic nursing
Addresses & treats the mind-body-spirit of the patient
Herbal therapy
An alternative therapy that uses herbs to provide health benefits; began thousands of years ago
Chiropractic therapy
Nontraditional therapy that includes manipulation of the musculoskeletal system; been in existence since the late 1800s
Qi
Life force
Meridians
Channels of energy
Acupuncture
A method of stimulating certain points (acupoints) on the body by the insertion of special needles to modify the perception of pain normalize physiologic functions
Acupressure
Entails the use of gentle pressure at similar points on the body
Reiki
Energy field therapy, probably the most popular methods taught in the US; use the human energy field to interact with another person's energy field
Therapeutic massage
Massage performed by trained professionals to manipulate the soft tissues of the body & assist with healing
Aromatherapy
Entails the use of pure essential oils produced from plants, to provide health benefits
Reflexology
Is based on the premise that it is possible to exert an effect on the entire body by applying pressure to specific areas on the feet, hands, & ears with the thumbs
Imagery
Visualization techniques, the conscious mind is used to create mental images to evoke physical changes in the body, create a sense of improved well-being & enhance self-awareness
Relaxation
Is the state of a generalized decrease in cognitive, physiologic, or behavioral arousal
Focusing
The ability to identify, differentiate, keep attention on, & return attention to simple stimuli for an extended period
Passivity
The ability to stop unnecessary goal-directed & analytic activity
Receptivity
The ability to tolerate & accept experiences that are sometimes uncertain, unfamiliar, or paradoxical
Yoga
Has emerged as a therapeutic treatment & now is being recognized by Western medical practice
Taiji
Originally was developed as a martial art in 17th century China
Biofeedback
Is a noninvasive method that an individual can employ to learn control of the body to manage certain conditions
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Most well known cannabinoi; psychoactive & may cause euphoria, paranoia, drowsiness, & increased hunger
Cannabidiol (CBD)
Cannabinoids present at highly variable levels in marijuana; no psychoactive properties & inhibits the psychoactive properties of THC
Cannabinoids
Maybe used for a variety of psychological, neurologic, & inflammatory conditions
What does complementary therapies include?
Exercise, massage, reflexology, prayer, biofeedback, creative therapies (art, music, or dance therapy), guided imagery, acupuncture, relaxation strategies, chiropractic therapy, therapeutic touch, & herbalism
Why may people turn to alternative therapies?
They believe them to be less invasive & gentler than allopathic or traditional medicine & perceive them to incorporate a more holistic approach
What is the strength of allopathic medicine?
Its effectiveness in treating certain physical ailments (ex. bacterial infections, structural abnormalities, acute emergencies), focuses less on preventing disease, decreasing stress-induced illnesses, managing chronic disease, & caring for the emotional & spiritual needs of individuals
What are some holistic nursing interventions?
Relaxation therapy, guided imagery, music therapy, simple touch, massage & prayer
What is the goal of herbal therapy?
To restore balance within the individual by facilitating the person's self-healing capacity
Patients often do not disclose their use of herbs to their health care provider
Because herb use is not widely accepted or understood by mainstream medical caregivers
Asian ginseng uses
Improves overall health & well-being; atherosclerosis, bleeding disorders, colitis, diabetes, depressant cancer
Asian ginseng considerations
Do not administer to pregnant or breast feeding patients, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, or concurrent therapy patients; patients taking anticoagulants should avoid use because it can prolong clotting. Also patients who are taking CNS stimulants, estrogen, furomeside, ibuprofen, caffeine, or drugs metabolized by CYP3H4; interacts with agents that inhibit monoamine oxidase
Aloe vera uses
Burns, skin irritation; has laxative properties
Aloe vera considerations
Internal use produces a cathartic action & has resulted in painful cramps, electrolyte imbalance, hemorrhagic diarrhea & kidney damage; drug interactions exist with antidysrhythmics, cardiac glycosides (ex. digoxin), anti diabetics, beta blockers, steroids, diuretics, & disulfiram. Herb Interactions exist with licorice
Cayenne uses
General cardiovascular health: reduces cholesterol level; topical application produces analgesia, controls bleeding
Cayenne considerations
Topical application as a counterirritant produces 'heat' sensation. Burning & pruritus diminish with continued use; drug interactions exist with ACE inhibitors, heparin, ASA, disulfiram, & theophylline. Herb interact actions exist with feverfew, garlic, ginger, & ginseng
Ginger uses
Nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, appetite improvement, impotence, liver toxicity, burns
Ginger considerations
Overdose possibly produces CNS depression & dysrhythmias, sometimes enhances the effect of anticoagulants. Pregnant patients should not take large doses because the teratogenic potential is largely unstudied. Drug interactions are possible with antacids, histamine H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, anticoagulants, barbiturates, disulfiram & metronidazole
Ginko, maidenhair tree uses
Improves memory, increases circulation to the extremities & the brain
Ginko, maidenhair tree considerations
Produces arterial & venous vasoactive changes that increase tissue perfusion & cerebral blood flow; adverse reactions include dizziness, headache, subarachnoid & subdural hemorrhage, & cardiac insufficiency. Reports of seizures in children & bleeding complications. Potential drug interaction exist with antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, bupropion, tricyclic antidepressants, disulfiram, metronidazole & trazodone, Herb interactions include garlic
St. John's wort uses
Mild to moderate depression, anxiety, viral infection, insomnia, premnstrual syndrome, topical myalgia, inflammation
St. John's wort considerations
Adverse reactions which are uncommon include photosensitivity, constipation, vertigo, dry mouth, restlessness, & sleep disturbance. Patients should not use with MAOis, alcoholic beverages, opioids, prescribes antidepressants, sympathomimetics, & food such as chocolate, aged cheeses, & beer. Do not give to pregnant or breast-feeding patients or children. Drug interactions include amiodarone, amitriptyline, chemotherapy drugs, digoxin, contraceptives
Herbal preparations
Avoid using combination of herbs, using herbs & spices for at least 2 weeks before any surgery, using herbs during pregnancy & lactation or when attempting to become pregnant
Tinctures
Are made by placing herbs in alcohol or vinegar & allowed to sit until the liquid absorbs the properties of the herb
What should a patient do before using any fresh herbs?
To obtain exact identification from a trained professional & know exactly what any herb is & what its actions are
Many herbs interact with
Various medications
Doctors of chiropractic medicine undergo extensive training in?
Manipulation of the musculoskeletal system
What does the chiropractor do?
Adjusts the joints of the body by gentle manipulation to put an area of disturbed structural integrity, usually the vertebrae, back in proper alignment
Contradictions to chiropractic therapy
Acute myelopathy, fractures, dislocations, rheumatoid arthritis, & osteoporosis
Acupuncture & acupressure
Therapies that are based on the belief that there is a form of energy
Acupuncture & acupressure therapy involves
Stimulating the channels at specific points to open them & allow the Qi to flow freely
Acupuncture is the primary treatment modality used by
Health care providers of Chinese medicine
Acupuncture treats problems such as
Low back pain, myofascial pain, simple & migraine headaches, sciatica, shoulder pain, tennis elbow, osteoarthritis, whiplash, & musculoskeletal sprains
Acupressure is primarily used for
Prevention & relief of symptoms of muscle tension, it reduces tension, increases circulation, & enables the body to relax deeply; relieves stress, increases resistance to disease & promotes wellness & ability to rest or sleep
Rosemary use
Internally: mental stimulant; alleviating stress, circulatory problems, externally: myalgia, neuralgia, pruritus, migraines
Rosemary considerations
Promotes menstrual flow, do not give to pregnant patients, children or patients with seizure disorders; relieves headaches, liver & gallbladder complaints & blood pressure problems. May cause seizures. Asthma can develop, encourage patients to take precaution & use sunscreen
Therapeutic massage can be classified as
Relaxing & other forms are energizing
Medical conditions that contradict massage
Acute back pain, phlebitis, & thrombosis, pregnancy, infectious skin diseases
Aromatherapy is based on similar principles
Specific scents are thought to relax or stimulate, improve digestion, increase hormone production, reduce nausea, & improve circulation or memory
Patients with asthma
Sometimes develop exaggerated symptoms from certain aromatic essences
Manipulation of specific reflexes
Removes stress, enabling the release of disharmonies by a physiologic change in the body
With stress removed & circulation improves
The body is allowed to return to a state of homeostasis
Lighter pressure should be used on corresponding reflex areas on people with?
Cardiac problems, blood problems, high blood pressure, epilepsy & diabetes
Overstimulation of the corresponding reflexes can cause what?
The pancreas to produce increased amounts of insulin, resulting in a decreased need of artificial insulin
Reflexology demonstrates the following four main benefits
Relaxes the body & removes stress, enhances the circulation, assists the body in normalizing metabolism naturally, complements all other healing modalities
Magnet therapy contradicts in?
Patients with metal devices such as defibrillators, pacemakers, cochlear implants, & insulin pumps
Many imagery techniques involve?
Visual imagery, but they also sometimes include the auditory, proprioceptive, gustatory, & olfactory senses
Relaxation is also defined as
The act or process of arousal reduction
The relaxation response is characterized by
Decreased heart & respiratory rates, blood pressure, & oxygen consumption & increased alpha-wave brain activity & peripheral skin temp
What is the long term goal of relaxation therapy?
For the person to continually monitor the self for indicators of tension & to consciously let go & release the tension contained in various body parts
Animal assisted therapy
Involves the use of trained animals to enhance an individual's physical, emotional, & social well-being; improves self-esteem, reduces anxiety, & facilitates healing
The word yoga means
Yoke or union of the personal self with divine source
What is yoga?
Combination of breathing exercises, physical postures & meditation that has been practiced for more than 5000 years
The medical community no longer can ignore the efficacy of yoga's body-mind connection
Because it increasingly verifies the importance of the integration of the whole person in healing disease
The regular practice of yoga offers?
The potential to tone the muscles that balance all parts of the body, including internal organs, heart, lungs, glands, & nerves; increase flexibility of the spine & helps treat chronic back problems
Taiji practice
Emphasis is placed on relaxing the body & calming & focusing the mind
Taiji practice was intended to improve?
Fundamental skills including balance, strength, flexibility, coordination, agility, reaction time, sensitivity or awareness & confidence
Health concerns managed by biofeedback
Anxiety, stress, irritable bowel syndrome, & asthma
Advantages of biofeedback
Increased awareness achieved by the patient about physiologic functions & influencing factors of these functions & the reduction of the stress response
Biofeedback is beneficial in the treatment of disorders such as?
Migraine headaches, pain, & urinary tract & gastrointestinal tract disorders
Schedule 1 drugs are
Drugs with no currently accepted medical use & have the highest potential for abuse
Cannabinoids are
Compounds found in marijuana that attach to cannabinoid receptors in the body
What is THC used to treat?
Nausea, pain, & weight loss in patients with cancer & HIV
Cannabis ruderalis
May be used as an herbal treatment but is not used as a recreational drug
Schedule II drugs
Have high potential for abuse but also have an accepted medical use
Marijuana
Has abuse potential but also may be a less addictive form of pain management
Herbs used for treatment are formulate in many ways such as
Capsules, tablets, tinctures, teas, compresses, salves, or ointments
Some herbs interfere with?
Actions of medications
What do energy field therapy reduce?
Pain & increase relaxation