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AQA Physics Topics 5-8


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[Front]


Difference between scalar and vector quantities
[Back]


Scalar quantities only have magnitude and no direction, whilst vectors have both

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Difference between scalar and vector quantities
Scalar quantities only have magnitude and no direction, whilst vectors have both
Examples of scalar quantities
Speed, distance, mass, temperature, time
Example of vectors quantities
Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum
Force definition
A push or a pull on an object caused by it interacting with something
Examples of contact forces
Friction, air resistance, tension in ropes
Examples of non-contact forces
Magnetic force, gravitational force, electrostatic force
Equation for weight
Weight (N) = mass (kg) x gravitational strength (N/kg)
Relationship between mass, weight and gravitational field strength
For a given gravitational field strength, the greater the mass of the object, the greater its weight
What is mass?
Quantity of matter in an object
What is weight?
The force acting on an object due to gravity
What is a free body diagram?
A diagram that shows all forces acting on an object
What happens if the resultant force is zero?
There is no change in direction or speed
What do vector diagrams illustrate?
Two forces acting on an object at right angles
What causes a rise in temperature?
Work done against the frictional forces acting on an object
When is equilibrium reached?
If all of the forces acting on an object give a resultant force of zero
What is bending force?
The amount of energy it takes to comprise an object from its natural shape or condition
What is elastic deformation?
When an object is stretched by a force but once the force is no longer applied it resumes its natural shape and length
What is inelastic deformation?
When an object is stretched by a force but once the force is no longer applied it cannot resume its natural shape or length
Describe the relationship between the extension of an elastic object and the force applied
Extension is directly proportional to the force applied: e [fish symbol] F
What is the limit of proportionality?
The point until the object's extension is no longer directly proportional to the force applied
What factors influence floating?
If the upthrust force is equal to the object's weight, if the object is less dense than the fluid and weighs less than its equivalent volume of fluid
What factors influence sinking?
If the upthrust is less than the object's weight, if the object is more dense than the fluid and weighs more than its equivalent volume of fluid
Difference between distance and displacement
Distance is scalar, displacement is vector
Difference between speed and velocity
Speed is scalar, velocity is vector
Describe motion in a circle
Constant speed, changing velocity
With a tangent, how do you find the gradient?
Gradient = change in x / change in y
What is terminal velocity?
Highest velocity sustainable by an object as it falls through a fluid
How does an object reach terminal velocity?
When the forces acting upon the object [air resistance and weight] become balanced
What is Newton's First Law?
A resultant force is needed to make something start moving, speed up or slow down
What is Newton's Second Law?
Resultant force is directly proportional to acceleration
What is Newton's Third Law?
When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite
What is the Law of the Conservation of Momentum?
The momentum of a system is constant if no external forces are acting on it
What is the concept of rate of change of momentum?
The quantity of motion, the volume of matter moved and the velocity at which it travels at is multiplied
Explain safety features for momentum in collisions
Seatbelts- increases time taken for body's momentum to reach zero, so reduces forces Air bags- increase time taken for head's momentum to reach zero, so reduces forces Crumple zones- increase time taken to change momentum of the driver and passengers in a crash which reduces forces
Difference between transverse and longitudinal waves
Transverse wave oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, whilst longitudinal wave oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer
Give examples of transverse waves
Electromagnetic waves, ripples in water, wave on a string
Give examples of longitudinal waves
Sound waves, shock waves
Rest position definition
Undisturbed position of particles or fields when they are not vibrating
Displacement definition
Distance that a certain point in the medium has moved from its rest position
Peak definition
Highest point above the rest postition
Trough definition
Lowest point below the rest position
Amplitude definition
Maximum displacement of a point of a wave from its rest position
Wavelength definition
Distance covered by a full cycle of the wave usually measured from peak to peak or trough to trough
Time period definition
Time taken for a full cycle of the wave usually measured peak to peak or trough to trough
Frequency definition
Number of waves passing a point each second
Method to measure speed of soundwaves in air
Attach a signal generator to a speaker you can generate sounds with specific frequencies Set up oscilloscope so waves from microphones are shown as separate waves Start with microphones next to the speaker then move one away until the two waves are aligned by are one wavelength apart Measure distance between microphones to get one wavelength Use an equation to calculate speed of waves Results should be around 330 m/s
Method to measure speed of ripples on a water surface
Use a signal generator attached to a ripple tank to create waves of a set frequency Use a lamp to see wave crests on a screen below the tank [wave shadows should be same size as actual wave crests Distance between each shadow line is equal to one wavelength Measure the distance between 10 wavelengths apart and then divide by 10 to find the average wavelength Use an equation to calculate the speed of the waves
What is the rule for all reflected waves?
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
What is specular reflection?
When a wave is reflected in a singular direction by a smooth surface
What is diffuse reflection?
When a wave is reflected in lots of different directions by a rough surface
Effect of reflection at material interfaces
The wave is reflected at the same angle it meets the material at
Effect of absorption at material interfaces
Energy is transferred to the material's energy stores
Effect of transmission at material interfaces
Waves travel through the material and are refracted on the other side
Method for investigating light refraction on different substances
Place transparent rectangular block on a piece of paper and trace around it Use ray box to shine a ray of light at the middle of one side of a block Trace incident ray and mark where it emerges on other side of block Remove block and join incident ray with reflected ray Draw the normal at the point where the IR entered the block Measure the angle between the IR and normal, and the angle between the refracted ray and the normal Repeat using different blocks of material keeping the incident angle the same
Independent, dependent and control variables for RP 9
Independent- Type of block material Dependent- Angle of refraction Control- Incident angle
Conclusion for RP 9
The angle of refraction changes for different materials due to their optical densities
Method to investigate light reflection on different substances
Draw a straight line across a piece of paper Place an object so it lines up to the line Shine a ray of light at the surface and trace the incoming and reflected light beams Draw the normal and then measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection Make note of the width and brightness of the reflected ray Repeat the experiment but changing the object each time
Independent, dependent and control variables for RP 10
Independent- object type Dependent- angle of incidence and angle of reflection Control- angle of incidence
What does the right hand thumb rule show?
Shows the direction of magnetic field Thumb points to current and fingers move to magnetic field
What is a solenoid?
A coil of wire used to strengthen magnetic fields
What is an electromagnet?
A solenoid with an iron core
What is the motor effect?
When a current carrying wire is in a a magnetic field and the magnet and the conductor exert a force on each other
What does the Flemming's left-had rule show?
Finds the direction of a force; fingers point to field, current and motion
Name 2 uses of electromagnets
Scrap yards, can be used in circuits
What is the generator effect?
Creates a potential difference in a conductor
What does induced current always do?
Oppose the current that created it
Describe the structure of the universe
Solar system of planets, dwarf planets and moons in the Milky Way galaxy orbiting the sun
What does red-shift suggest?
That distant galaxies are moving away from us
What is the life cycle of a star?
Nebula [cloud of dust and gas] Protostar [Helium nuclei formed from particles colliding creating a high temperature] Main Sequence Star [Star enters a long stable period generally several billions of years] Then either: Red Giant [Hydrogen runs out and star swells] White dwarf [Becomes unstable and ejects outer layer of dust and gas leaving core] Black Dwarf [White dwarf cools down, emits less energy] Or: Red Super Giant [Hydrogen runs out and star swells to bigger than Sun] Supernova [Star undergoes more fusion and expands and contracts until it explodes] Neutron Star [Exploding supernova leaves a very dense core] or Black Hole [Exploding supernova leaves a super dense point in space]
What does red-shift suggest?
That distant galaxies are moving away from us
How do fusion processes lead to the formation of new elements?
Two or more atomic nuclei collide at nearly the speed of light to form a new nucleus
What are the differences between planets?
Inner planets are rockier and smaller, whilst outer planets are filled with more gas and are larger Inner planets are more dense and all have different atmospheres whilst outer planets are less dense and have similar atmospheres made of hydrogen and helium
Why in orbits does velocity change but not speed?
There is a constant change of direction in a circular motion so acceleration is constantly happening- therefore velocity constantly changes but speed does not
For a stable orbit, what must change if the speed changes?
The radius of the orbit [if increasing speed the radius becomes smaller]
What is red-shift?
Where wavelengths are shifted to the red end of the spectrum
What does red-shift suggest?
That distant galaxies are moving away from us
How does red-shift provide evidence of the Big Bang Theory?
Shows galaxies are moving away from each other so suggests that the universe began with a 'big bang' that began the dispersion of galaxies
What is the Big Bang Theory?
That an explosion provided the force that pushes galaxies away from each other at speed
What do moving galaxies show?
That the universe is expanding because they keep getting further and further away without limit
What observations have scientists made to theorise 'The Big Bang'?
Supernovae in 1998 to the present day show the increasing speed of the receding galaxies