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level: Biology basics

Questions and Answers List

Contains info about basics of biology, some scientific terms and definations

level questions: Biology basics

QuestionAnswer
Diffusion of water through SPM from higher to lower conctnOsmosis
IsotonicBalanced osmotic pressure, no net flow of water
hypotonic solutioncell swell up
HypertonicCell shrink
AristotleFather of biology, zoology; book: hostoria animalia
TheophrastusDescribes 500 plants; book: Historia plantarum oldest available litrature in botony
Historia naturalisPliny, 1000 economically imp plants and uses
Father of indian botonyWilliam rouxburg
Associated with scientific methods and it refers to discoveries made unexpectedly or by chanceserendipity coined by horace walpole in 1754
PenicillinAccidentally discovered by fleming
Energy acting on the gases in the early atmosphere resulted in the formation of organic compoundsoparin-haldane hypothesis
Most primitive/ancestral organismProgenote
Oldest fossils of prokaryotesStomatolites
abnormal increase in number of cellshyperplasia
abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ or increase in size of cellsHypertrophy
Asexual reproductionFormation of gametes and fusion not involved Zygote not formed Meiotic cell division absent
Sexual reproductionBiparental Sex organ present Formation and fusion of gametes Zygote formed Meiosis occurs
BuddingYeast, hydra(lower organism)
True rgenerationPlanaria
FragmentationFungi, filamentous algae, protonema of mosses
Reproduction = growthUnicellular organism
Exception of exhibiting metabolismVirus
Ability of living things to respond to stimuliIrritability (not grouchy)
Ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for lifeHomeostasis
Sustained cellular response to transient stimulusBiological memory
International day for biological diversity22 may 2020
World earth day22 april
World ENV day5 june
World ozone day16 sept
Process used to seperate cellular components while preserving indvidual functions of each componentsCell fractionation
Physico chemical approach to study and understand living organismReductionist biology
Forms 65% human body or 2/3 of human bodyWater, helps in sustaining life processes
Mainly utilized in aerobic cell respiration of nutrients inside mitochondriaOxygen, to produce ATP
Main storage molecules, most organisms use it as important fuelCarbohydrate
Polymeric compound formed by interlinking of amino acids by peptide bondProtien
Lipids comprise of ?Major insoluble hydrocarbons, polymer of alchohol (glycerol), fatty acid (ester bond)
Nucleotides-3 compounds1. Pentose sugar in DNA and ribose in RNA 2. Phosphate group 3. Inorganic nitrogen base: purine and pyrimidine
One form of energy is changed into anotherTransformation
Radiant or kinetic energy of sunlight changed into chemical or potential energy of glucosePhotosynthesis anabolism
Movement of energy from one source, area to anotherTranfer
Oxidative break down of glucose occurs inside the mitochondria of aerobic plants and animalsCell respiration or catabolism
Glucose 》enzymatically catabolised 》gives?Water + CO2 + 686Kcal
a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactionsATP
Phosphorylation of ADPATP
Life processes have no exceptions areDefining character/property
Growth from insideIntrinsic
Growth from outsideExtrinsic
the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energyAnabolism or synthetic reaction
breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energyCatabolism or destructive reaction
Indeterminate growthUnlimited growth
Determinate growthLimited growth
the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspringReproduction
the immediate descendants of a personProgeny
the organic processes in a cell or organism that are necessary for lifeMetabolism
sum total of all chemical reactions in our body or cellsMetabolism
MetabolismDefining property of life
an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situationConsciousness
Ability to sense the surrounding envirnment and respond to environment stimuliConsciousness
Group of population have potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspringSpecies
One whose habitat is restricted to a particular area often endangeredEndemic species
speciation occurring in the same or overlapping geographical areassympatric speciation
Species inhabiting different geographival areasallopatric speciation
Identification and localization of chemical compounds of a cellcytochemistry
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equalosmosis
large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; synthesizes vitamin A; detoxifies poisonous substances and breaks down worn-out erythrocytesLiver
that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cordBrain
either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes especially urea from the blood and excrete them and water in urineKidney
any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidneyNephron
a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiographECG
Sertoli cellsTestes
Hepatocyte cellsLiver
NephronsKidney
an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestionStomach
the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anusIntestine
duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital ductUrethra
one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesteroneOvary
either one of the two external openings to the nasal cavity in the noseNostril
the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbonePharynx
the passage between the pharynx and the stomachOesophagus
the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opensCaecum
the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food alongPeristalsis
the act of swallowingDeglutition
membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchiTrachea
a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speechLarynx
a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissuesHaemoglobin
the colorless watery fluid of the blood and lymph that contains no cells, but in which the blood cells erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes are suspendedPlasma
a serous membrane with two layers that surrounds the heartPericardium
a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits atheromas inside the arterial walls, thus narrowing the arteriesatherosclerosis
sclerosis of the arterial wallsArteriosclerosis
any pathological hardening or thickening of tissueSclerosis
the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosinMyosin
one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous formActin
one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiberMyofibril
inflammation of a joint or jointsArthritis
a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulsesNeuron
German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882)Schwann
German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 formulated the cell theory (1804-1881)Schleiden
an organ having nerve endings in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth that respond to stimulationReceptor
associated with the eardrumtympanic membrane
a progressive form of presenile dementia that is similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or 50s; first symptoms are impaired memory which is followed by impaired thought and speech and finally complete helplessnessalzheimers
mental deterioration of organic or functional originDementia
any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstreamEndocrine
a gland that secretes externally through a ductExocrine
enlargement of bones of hands and feet and face; often accompanied by headache and muscle pain and emotional disturbances; caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland (due to a tumor)Acromegaly
a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex of animals; affects functioning of gonads and has anti-inflammatory activityGlucocorticoid
a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates the cells in male mammals that form spermFSH
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activityGonadotropgins
male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristicsAndrogen
a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristicsEstrogen
a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes; responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristicsTestosterone
a steroid hormone trade name Lipo-Lutin produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancyProgesterone
any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranesPhospholipid
an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates)Lipid
an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver; the most abundant steroid in animal tissuesCholesterol
purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNAAdenine
a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA but not in DNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenineUracil
a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic informationDNA
a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cellRNA
a glycoside formed by partial hydrolysis of a nucleic acidNucleoside
a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)Nucleotide
a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acidsPolypeptide
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumesProtein
an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they containCarbohydrate
a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasmaProkaryote
an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cellsEukaryote
an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and then stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when it reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule for use by the cellRibosome
the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organismsGenetics
an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energyMitochondrion
abnormally afraid of waterHydrophobic
having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by waterHydrophilic
an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cellsLysosome
a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cellVacuole
marked or dyed or discolored with foreign matterStained
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomesChromatin
a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear orderChromosome
the protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cellNucleoplasm
a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesisNucleolus
a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acidsHistone
a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shapeCentromere
a lash-like appendage used for locomotion e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoaFlagellum
having hairlike projectionsCiliated
a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell; provides locomotion in free-swimming unicellular organismsCilium
any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactionsEnzyme
a minute life form especially a disease-causing bacterium; the term is not in technical useMicrobe
a structure resembling a bag in an animalSac
one of a pair of small cylindrical cell organelles near the nucleus in animal cells; composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosisCentriole
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomesmitosis
organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cellsCytokinesis
organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosisKaryokinesis
a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boilingCollagen
a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skinGelatine
of or relating to the theory of reductionismReductionist
the analysis of complex things into simpler constituentsReductionism
the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the wholeholism
Danish physician and bacteriologist who developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish among them (1853-1938)Gram
ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid: DNA or RNA; wrapped in a thin coat of proteinVirus
single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plantsBacteria
a fatty deposit in the intima inner lining of an artery; can obstruct blood flowAtheroma
a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractionsActomyosin
a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seedGlobulin
having the shape of a sphere or ballGlobular
any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organsSteroid
a base found in DNA but not in RNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenineThymine
having the sticky properties of an adhesiveGlutinous
one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosisChromatid