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level: Immunology

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Immunology

QuestionAnswer
1. What is an antigen:A substance that bind to a lymphocyte receptor
2. The term immunogen refers to:A substance that induces an immune response when injected into an individual
3. Heteroantigens may include:Infectious agents
4. The properties of an antigen that determine the potency of the immune response are referred to as:Antigenicity
5. The distinct regions within the antigen that are individually capable of interacting with the immune system are called:Epitopes
6. The epitopes that are more effective at inducing an immune response are called:Immunodominant
7. The small chemical group which, by itself, cannot elicit an immune response is called:Hapten
8. A hapten can produce an immune response only when it binds to:A carrier protein
9. A substance which, when combined with antigen, nonspecifically enhances the ensuing immune response to that antigen is called:Adjuvant
10. The fraction of blood that remains fluid after clotting represents:The serum
11. Immunoglobulins or antibodies are:gamma proteins
12. The variable regions containing the greatest degree of variation in amino acid sequence is called:The hypervariable region
13. The IgG molecule comprises of:A single Y-shaped unit
14. The dominant form of immunoglobulin found in the serum is:IgG
15. The dominant antibody found in the secondary immune response is:IgG
16. Which is the largest antibody molecule?IgM
17. The IgM molecule comprises of:Five Y-shaped units
18. The Y-shaped units of IgM are linked together by:A Joining (J) chain
19. How many constant heavy regions does the IgM molecule has?Four
20. The dominant antibody found in the primary immune response is:IgM
21. IgA is mainly a:Dimer
22. The highest concentration of IgA is found in:Mucosal surfaces
23. The only antibody that possesses a secretory component is:IgA
24. IgD is found:On the surface of B cells
25. How many heavy constant regions does the IgE molecule has?Four
26. The major role of IgE is as a participant in the immune response to:Parasites
27. Type I hypersensitivity and allergic diseases are mediated by:IgE
28. Which antibody can bind to the surface of mast cells and basophils:IgE
29. The main role of the Fab region of the antibody is:To recognize and bind an epitope
30. The strength of overall binding between antigen and antibody is called:avidity
The primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where:Lymphoid cells are formed and undergo initial maturation
The secondary lymphoid tissue are the sites where:Mature lymphoid cells are capable of participating in immune responses
The bone marrow is:A primary lymphoid organ
What is the role of the bone marrow?To produce all the cells of the immune system
35. Maturation of B cells in birds is done in:The bursa of Fabricius
The thymus is:A primary lymphoid organ
What is the role of the thymus?The site were T cells undergo final maturation
T cell development in the thymus is enhanced by cytokines produced by:Hassall’s corpuscles
Apoptotic T lymphocytes in the thymus are phagocytosed by:Macrophages
Lymph nodes are:Secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen is:An encapsulated secondary lymphoid organ
The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is:A secondary unencapsulated lymphoid tissue
The follicular aggregates in the cortex of the lymph nodes are composed of:B lymphocytes
The paracortex of the lymph nodes is composed of:T lymphocytes
The splenic substance comprises of:Red pulp and white pulp
The red pulp of the spleen is:A reservoir of blood
The white pulp of the spleen is composed of:T and B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes in the spleen form the:Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)
Peyer’s patches are:Secondary unencapsulated lymphoid tissue
The epithelium of the Payer’s patches contains:M cells
51. What is a naive lymphocyte?A lymphocyte that has not been previously exposed to an antigen
What is a memory cell?A lymphocyte that has previously participated in an immune response and retains the memory of that event
What is a plasma cell?A late stage of development of B cells
What is the function of a plasma cell?To produce antibodies
What are vascular addressins:Molecules expressed on the surface of endothelial cells in the cell homing phenomenon
CD3 surface receptors are specific for:T lymphocytes
CD4 surface receptor is specific for:T helper cells
CD8 surface receptor is specific for:T cytotoxic cells
MHC class II stimulates only:CD4+ T helper cells
MHC class I stimulates only:CD8+ T cytotoxic cells
For a T lymphocytes to be activated, how many signals are necessary?3 signals
What is the role of T helper cells?Coordinates the activity of the entire immune system
What are the main cytokines produced by Th1 helper cells:IL-2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)
What antibody can Th1 helper cell help B cells produce?IgG
What is the main role of Th1 helper cells?Stimulate cell-mediated immune response
What are the main cytokines produced by Th2 helper cells:IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13
What is the role of Th2 helper cells?Stimulate humoral immune response
What cytokine produced by Th1 cells is inhibitory for Th2 cells?IFN-γ
What cytokine produced by Th2 cells is inhibitory for Th1 cells?IL-4 and IL-13
The common precursor cell of Th1 and Th2 is:Th0
Nk cells are:Cells of the innate immune cells
What is the function of NK cells?Cytotoxic response
NK cells take part in:Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
The killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) on NK cells are activated by:MHC class I
75. The only self-cells that can be attacked by NK cells are cells that:Down-regulated MHC class I expression
Cytotoxicity mediated by CD8+ T cells is:An MHC class I restricted phenomenon
Cytotoxic CD8+ cells contains granules with:Perforin
Cytotoxic CD8+ cells can secrete:IFN-γ and TNF-α
Cytotoxic CD8+ cells can induce apoptosis through:Fas ligand
IFN-γ and TNF-α production by Cytotoxic CD8+ cells leads to:Apoptosis of target cell
Natural Killer T cells are:CD1d+
How do B cells interact with the antigen?B cell has no requirement for antigen processing and may directly recognize antigen
How many signals are necessary for the activation of B lymphocytes:Three signals
The third signal of B lymphocyte activation consists of:Costimulatory cytokine released by the Th cell
The result of B cell activation is:Immunoglobulin class switch
Where is the site for B cell activation:The lymph nodes
What is the name of the area of lymphoid tissue within which B lymphocytes reside?Follicle
Which one is the activated follicle?Secondary follicle
Which follicle has a germinal center?Secondary follicle
Which one is the inactivated follicle:Primary follicle
Where does negative selection of activated B cells carrying low affinity receptors takes place?In the light zone of the secondary follicle
The heavy chain variable region is encoded by which segments:Variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) region
The light chain variable region is encoded by which segments:Variable (V) and joining (J) regions
Which type of antigen is faster at activating antigen specific B cells:T independent antigen
95. How many days it takes before specific antibodies are detected in the serum for a T independent antigen?2-7 days
How many days it takes before specific antibodies are detected in the serum for a T-dependent antigen?4-10 days
Which is the first class of antibody to appear in the serum during the primary immune response?IgM
Which class of antibodies will primarily appear in the secondary immune response?IgG
The primary immune response ends with the formation of:Memory T and B cells
The secondary immune response:Is more potent than the primary immune response