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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
6 types of closed fractures1. Greenstick: complete breaks in bone, "bending", normally in kids 2. Comminuted: compressive force, 3 or more fragments 3. Transverse: sheer force, straight line 4. Linear: compressive force, bone splits along the length 5. Oblique: torsion, through the bone, one end received sudden twisting and the other end is stable 6. Spiral: wrap around the bone, s shaped separation, plating and rotating
OsteoblastsBone forming cells
Osteclastscells that absolve or remove osseous tissue
Casting timelong bones: 6 weeks small bones: 3-4 weeks
Dislocation vs SubluxationDislocation: bone is forced out of alignment and stays out Subluxation: bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place
LigamentsBone to bone
TendonsMuscle to bone
SprainInjury to ligament or joint capsule that connects bone to bone
Grades of Sprain/Strain1: stretching and separation of ligamentous fivers, minimal instability and swelling, moderate pain 2: Some tearing and separation of the ligament fibers, moderate instability, moderate to severe pain 3: total tearing of ligaments, high instability, severe swelling and pain, may need surgery to reconstruct
Myositis Ossifiicanscalcium deposits that result from repeated trauma
HematomaCollection of blood in the tissues outside the blood vessels
StrainStretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon
Muscle CrampsInvoluntary muscle contraction
Muscle GuardingMuscle contraction in response to pain
Muscle sorenessPain caused by overexertion in exercise (DOMS)
Trigger pointArea of tenderness in a tight band of muslce
NeuritisChronic nerve irritation
CrepitusCrackling feel or sound
Signs of InflammationPain Warmth Swelling Loss of function Redness
TendinosisFailed healing of tendon
TendinitisInflammation of a tendon
TenosynovitisInflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath
BursaePieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid
OsteoarthritisWearing down of hyaline cartilage
Phases of the healing process1. Inflammatory response phase (stop, drain, and clean up the water) 2-4 days 2. Fibroblastic repair phase (patch up the area) 4-6 days 3. Maturation-remodeling phase (clean it up so it can function properly) 3 weeks-3 years
Bones of footTotal: 26 bones- 7 Tarsals- 5 metatarsals- 14 phalangeal
Arches of footMedial longitudinal Lateral longitudinal Metatarsal Transverse
Foot adduction and supination muscles (5)Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus
Foot abduction and pronations (4)Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Fibularis tertius Extensor digitorum longus
Toe Flexion (7)Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digiti minimi brevis Quadratus plantae Lumbricals
Toe extension (3)Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus
Toe abduction (3)Abductor hallucis Dorsal interrosi Abductor digiti minimi
Toe adduction (2)Adduction hallucis Plantar interossi
Retrocalcaneal bursitis (Pump bump)irritation on back of heal (where adidas pro shoes rub)
Plantar fasciitisMany MOI so it's hard to figure out the cause, takes time to heal
Jones fracture5th metatarsal, normally from plant and twist or consequence of stress fracture
Pes planes vs Pes cavusPes planes: low arch (plains are flat) Pes cavus: high arch (caves are round)
Hallux valgus deformity (Bunions)Growth/calcification on side of big toe
BunnionetteGrowth/calcification on side of pinky toe
Mortons NeuromaMass in plantar nerves. Commonly between third and fourth metatarsal heads
Turf ToeHyperextension of big toe or sprain of metatarsal phalangeal joint
BlistersCaused because of friction. If it's going to pop on its own its better to intentionally pop it in sterile conditions. If it's not going to pop on its own its better to leave it alone.
CornsNormally between fourth and fifth toe. Kinda like a blister, thick, white, macerated skin with black dot in the center.
Care for ingrown toenail1. soak in hot water for 20 min 2-3xday 2. when nail is soft use forceps to put cotton under the edge of the nail Tip: cut a "v" in middle of toenail
Care for Subungal hematoma (blood under the toenail)1. apply ice pack and elevate foot 2. drill small hole into the nail bed
Ankle joint is composed of....Tibia Fibula Talus
Anatomy of ankle.
Ankle Dorsiflexionextensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus tibialis anterior (primary dorsiflexor)
Ankle plantar flexionsoleus gastrocnemius
Ankle inversionComponents of deep posterior compartment - tibialis posterior - flexor digitorum longus - flexor hallucis longus
Ankle eversionComponents of lateral compartment - fibularis longus - fibularis brevis - tibialis anterior
Bump testGentle blow applied upwards on the bottom of the heel. + test: pain, path: fx
Anterior drawer test (ankle)Grab lower tibia in one hand and the calcaneus in the other. looking for how much it moves compared to other ankle. + test: laxity Path: ATF (anterior talofibular)/CF (calcaneofibular)
Talar tiltmove to inversion + test: laxity Path: caneofibular and possible anterior/posterior talofibualr ligaments.
Ankle joint anatomy.
Ankle sprainStretching/tearing of ligaments. Lateral side is more common
Thompson testsqueeze the calf muscle + test: if foot doesn't moves path: Achilles tendon rupture
MTSS - Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints)anterior lower-leg pain
Compartment syndromesincreased pressure in one of the four compartments 1. acute: practice POLIE (no compression) can be considered a medical emergency 2. acute exertional: increase in pressure within a closed fascial space. 3. chronic: commonly while running or jumping.
Knee anatomy.
ACLPrevent excessive anterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur
PCLPrevent excessive posterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur
MCLStabilize against side to side forces (valgus forces)
LCLStabilize against side to side forces (varus forces)
Meniscusshock absolutions and stabilization
Valgus/varus stress test+ test: laxity Path: MCL/LCL athlete lies supine with leg extended. valgus/varus stress with knee fully extended and at 30 degrees of flexion.
Lachman's Test+ test: laxity path: ACL
Anterior/Posterior drawer test (knee)+ test: laxity path: ACL/PCL
Apley's Compression test+ test: pain path: Meniscus
Knee Plicathickened fold of synovial membrane lining the inside of the joint capsule symptoms may be similar to torn meniscus
Illiotibial band friction syndrome (Runners knee)overuse condition. Irritation over lateral femoral condyle or at the bands incertion on lateral side of knee.
Patellar Tendinopathy (jumpers knee)jumping, landing, kicking, or running may place tension on the knee extensor muscle complex. May begin inflammatory process leading to tendon degeneration or tendinosis.
Chondromalacia patellaSoftening and deterioration of the articular cartilage on the posterior surface of the patella
Osgood-Schlatter DiseaseRepeated pull of the patellar tendon at the tibial tubercle on the from to the tibia. May result in enlarged tibial tubercle.
Hip Anatomy (soft tissue).
Hip Anatomy (bones).
Hip flexion (4)Rectus femoris Sartorius Iilacus Psoas
Hip extension (5)Hamstrings Bicep femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosis Gluteus maximus
Hip abduction (2)Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae
Hip adduction (5)Gracilis Pectineius Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis
Hip medial rotation (1)Gluteus minimus
Hip lateral rotation (6)Piriformis Superior gemellus Inferior gemellus Obturator internus Obturator externus Quadratus femoris
Thomas test+ test: straight leg comes off the table, path: tight hips flexors
Straight leg raise test+ test: leg can't be flexed 90, path: hip extensors
Mytositis Ossificanssever blow or repeated blows to thigh, can cause ectopic bone formation within the muscle.
Avascular Necrosistissue death caused by lack of circulation. Can occur from dislocated hip.
Hip labral tearmost often result form repetitive movements such as running or piloting of the hip that causes degeneration and breakdown of labrum. Can cause catching, locking, or clicking sensations in hip joint.
Piriformis syndrometight piriformis can be confused for sciatica
Sciaticadue to herniated lumbar disc pressing on the sciatic nerve as it exits the lumbar spine. May cause irritation, numb, shooting pain down back of the leg.
Osteitis Pubischronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area
Hip pointerbruise and hematoma near the pelvic rim
4 compartments of the leganterior, lateral, deep posterior, superficial posterior
Knee flexion (8)biceps femoris semitendinosis semiembrinosis gracilis sartorius gastrocnemius plataris popliteus
knee extension (4)vastus medialis vastus lateralis vastus intermedius rectus femoris
external tibial rotation (1)biceps femoris
internal tibial rotation (5)popliteus semitendinosis semimembrinosis sartorius gracilis