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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Human identification is based on the hypothesis that every person has unique _____.	phenotype
Thus, a decedent biometric data and physical changes that occur during their lifetime can be compared with antemortem biometric, medical, and dental records of the _____or _____to establish positive identification.	presumed decedent; living amnesiac
COMMON REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN REMAINS:Typically an investigation into a criminal death cannot begin until the victim has been positively identified	CRIMINAL
COMMON REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN REMAINS:Individuals from many religious backgrounds may not remarry unless their spouses are confirmed deceased	MARRIAGE
COMMON REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN REMAINS:The payment of pensions, life insurance and other benefits relies upon positive confirmation of death	MONETARY
COMMON REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN REMAINS:Many religions require that a positive identification be made prior to burial in a geographical site	BURIAL
COMMON REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN REMAINS:Society’s duty to preserve human rights and dignity beyond life begins with the basic premise of an identity	SOCIAL
COMMON REASONS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN REMAINS:The identification of individuals missing for prolonged periods can bring sorrowful relief to the family members	CLOSURE
Medical records, samples, and photographs taken BEFORE/PRIOR TO DEATH. Include fingerprints, dental xrays, body tissue samples, photographs of tattoos or other identifying the victim	ANTEMORTEM RECORD
Records before death	ANTEMORTEM RECORD
The objective is to recreate what the individual’s dentition and oral structures were at the time of his last dental visit	ANTEMORTEM RECORD
Locating Antemortem Dental Records	local VA hospital, asking a family member for the name of the deceasedindividual’s treating dentist , local dental schools, individual’s personal phone book or in their household financial records, dental records from any prior incarceration, Job-related insurance companies, Public Health Department Dental Clinics (LALIDJP)
essence of all postmortem examinations	Accurate documentation
By means of _____, ______, and _____, the forensic odontologist can precisely document the dental conditions that may lead to a positive identification	clinical charting, photographs, postmortem radiographs
Records after death	POSTMORTEM RECORD
Examination of dead body to determine the cause of death	POSTMORTEM RECORD
A_____ of a disease individual is a core task in forensic odontology along with determining the manner and cause of death the medical examiner or the coroner as statutory responsibility and authority to identify the disease and issue a death certificate	FORENSIC DENTAL IDENTIFICATION
Methods of Human Identification:Not a footprints but more of the body itself	Visual
Methods of Human Identification:Is a non-specific method but is often used by the medical examiner when there is no significant question as to who the individual is, the remains are intact, nondecomposed, and viewable, and/or the death was witnessed	Visual
Methods of Human Identification:Tattoo, skin etc.	Visual
Methods of Human Identification:Is an excellent biometric method of human identification when the soft tissue of the fingers is intact,	Fingerprints (Ridgeology)
Methods of Human Identification:has the advantage of a large known national and international database and it does not require a presumptive identification to obtain antemortem information	Fingerprints (Ridgeology)
Methods of Human Identification:another biometric method of identification that relies on the unique characteristics of the skeleton, comparing post-mortem radiographic imaging with antemortem imaging and written records	Anthropology/ Radiology
Methods of Human Identification:biometric methods of identification	DNA
Methods of Human Identification: comparison relies on accessible antemortem data	DNA
Methods of Human Identification:most common biometric method for identifying burned, decomposed, skeletonized, and fragmented remains for multiple reasons	Dental
Methods of Human Identification:In mass fatality incidents, it is often the most expedient method for identifying burned, fragmented, and decomposed human remains.	Dental
Is made most often by the investigating agencies this is often based on the circumstantial evidence and can assist in the accumulation of medical and dental records to be used in the scientific identification process.	Presumptive Identification
What Antemortem Dental Records Should Be Requested?	All dental records of the decedent should be requested, both written and radiographic.
Classification of remains: Class I	fresh
Classification of remains: Class II	decomposed/ incinerated
Classification of remains: Class III	skeletal
Examination Procedures:Visually identifiable body	Photographs; Radiographs; Dental charting; Dental impressions, if applicable; Resection, if needed
Examination Procedures:Decomposed/incinerated body	Photographs, Radiographs, Dental charting, Resection and preservation of jaw specimens if indicated
Examination Procedures:Skeletonized remains	Photographs; Radiographs; Dental charting
Images take should include:	Full face, Full-face lips retracted, Close-up of anterior teeth in occlusion, Lateral views with teeth and in occlusion, Occlusal views of maxillary and mandibular teeth, Any other photographs should be taken of unique findings
If the remains are fragmented, skeletonized, or burned, the odontologist should capture sufficient photos to document __________and any areas of special interest.	all surfaces of teeth
TRUE OR FALSE: Taking photographs both before and after cleaning of the specimens may help to document the process of identification and may record evidence, which may become useful later in an investigation	TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: A robust photographic documentation should ideally be obtained using a suffiient quality camera and lens.	FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE:A full mouth series of radiographs should ideally be taken on all remains	TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:dental fragments, dissociated teeth, bone, and restorations do not need to be documented	FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE:Resection of the soft and hard tissue is often necessary to gain proper access to the jaws	TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:panoramic contains more details than periapical	FALSE
a postmortem change resulting in the stiffening of the body muscles due to chemical changes in their miobrils	Rigor mortis
Restricted access to the oral cavity in order to perform an examination with radiographs may often be difficult due to ____	rigor mortis
helps in estimating the time since death as well to ascertain if the body had been moved after death	rigor mortis (viewable remains)
Rigor Mortis Stage:destruction of a cell/ tissues by their own enzyme	Stage 1 (Autolysis)
Rigor Mortis Stage:skin shade starts blurring because of the sulfur-containing mixes discharged by the bacteria in the body.	Stage 2 (Bloat)
Rigor Mortis Stage:As a result, a foul odor is produced by the microorganism during the process of putrefaction, which is the formation of pus.	Stage 2 (Bloat)
Rigor Mortis Stage:fluids release through the orifice indicate the beginning of the active decay. Such as organs, muscles, skin.	Stage 3 (Active Decay)
Rigor Mortis Stage:Liquefaction stage.	Stage 3 (Active Decay)
Remains that are not visually identifiable such as decomposed or burned remains, it may be advantageous to surgically reflect the overlying soft tissues in a manner that gains an ease of access that allows for a complete examination.	Nonviewable Remains
Prior to any soft-tissue exposure or excision of the jaws, permission is necessary from the ___________even if the remains are considered nonviewable	coroner or medical examiner
Methods (surgical for nonvieable remains): In cases where the remains are badly decomposed, burned, or fragmented	Jaw Resection
the blade of the saw move back and forth to cut a linear line through hard cast material without cutting the soft human tissue	Stryker Saw Method
Methods (surgical for nonvieable remains): An alternative technique for the resection of the jaws involves the use of large pruning shears.	Pruning Shears Method
can be used to induce a “Le Fort” Type I fracture of the maxilla	Mallet and Chisel Method