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level: Level 4 (START OF ANTIDOTAL THERAPY) TOXIDROMES & Manifestations

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 4 (START OF ANTIDOTAL THERAPY) TOXIDROMES & Manifestations

QuestionAnswer
APPROACH in Poisoning1 Taking an appropriate history 2 Assessing vital functions and correcting any impairment 3 Examining the patient and observing 4 Identifying complications and treating them 5. Requesting appropriate investigations 6. Assessing the patient psychiatrically and offering appropriate management 7. Management of Poisoned Patient
when in normal position, foods may enter airways instead of esophagus which may cause drowning and block airway. → minimize the risk of aspiration of the gastric contents into their lungs.Left Lateral Recumbent
1 cause increase body temp. in fatal levels causing hypertonia and rhabdomyolysis 2 for sedation1 Cocaine, amphetamines, shabu, ecstasy 2 diazepam and dantrolene
→ A constellation of clinical signs that may suggest a particular type of ingestion. → Through this, it may indicate what type of drugs a patient has taken if they are unable or unwilling to tell, unconscious.TOXIDROMES
Anticholinergic → block the muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. → Antihistamines (1st generations) – Ex: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), tricyclic antidepressants, antitussives, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, antimuscarinic drugs → Ex. Atropine, Scopolamine and Ipratropium bromide, plant → Ex. Mushroom Datura GIVE THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THIS POISONINGManifestation: the patient can have delirium peripheral antimuscarinic effects that is described as: MAD AS A HATTER – hallucination, confused, sometimes seizure, worst coma RED AS A BEET – red flushing of the skin BLIND AS A BAT – pupils are dilated, mydriasis HOT AS A HARE – hyperthermia DRY AS A BONE – dry skin, urinary retention
Cholinergic toxidrome → stimulate muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. GIVE THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THIS POISONINGManifestation: DUMBELS 1 Diaphoresis: diarrhea + abdominal cramps–excessive sweating 2 Urination: excessive urination 3 Miosis/mydriasis 4 Bronchospasm, bronchorrhea (excessive amount of watery mucus), bradycardia (slower than normal heart rate) 5 Emesis 6 Lacrimation 7 Salivation
Sedative or Hypnotic toxidrome → Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Alcohols, Opioids, Anticonvulsants, Antipsychotics GIVE THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THIS POISONINGManifestation: Decrease level of consciousness, worst lead to coma, hypoventilation, hypotension, bradycardia.
Hallucinogenic toxidrome → caused by drugs and agents that cause hallucination → Amphetamine, Cannabinoids, Cocaine, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), PCP (phencyclidine), Magic mushrooms (Psilocybin spp.) GIVE THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THIS POISONINGManifestation: Alter the behavior and thinking of individuals. Frank psychosis - mood disorder or schizophrenia Tachycardia, hypertension, fever Panic attacks and anxiety
Serotonergic Toxidrome → Collection of signs and symptoms produced by excess serotonin in the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system → Selective serotonin reuptake (paroxetine and fluoxetine), Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine and citalopram), Tricyclic antidepressants, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (moclobemide)– blocks serotonin breakdown, Analgesic (pethidine, tramadol, fentanyl), Antiemetics (metoclopramide and ondansetron), Anticonvulsants (valproic acid), Dietary supplements (ginseng and st. john’s wort) GIVE THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THIS POISONINGManifestation: wide variation of signs and symptoms, dysfunction of areas in nervous system, tremor, hyperreflexia, muscle rigidity, clonus (involuntary or rhythmic muscular contraction and relaxation), fever, tachycardia, hypertension