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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Integrates the knowledge and techniques from most branches of biochemistry, biology, chemistry, genetics, mathematics, medicine, pharmacology, physiology, and physics Applies safety evaluation and RISK ASSESSMENT to the discipline ------------------------------------------ the branch of science concerned with the nature, effects, and detection of poisons. the measurement and analysis of potential toxins, intoxicating or banned substances, and prescription medications present in a person's body.	Toxicology
Involves estimating quantitavely the potential effects of Human health and environmental insignificance of the various type of chemical exposure	risk assessment
Trained to examine the nature of effects and assess the probability of their occurrence of different xenobiotic. explore the mechanism by which chemicals produce adverse effects in our biological system or living system such as humans and animals.	Toxicologist
Chemical compound and it can be drug, pesticides, carcinogen or any chemical compound that is usually FOREIGN TO A LIVING ORGANISM a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism	Xenobiotics
ANTIQUITY 1 Included numerous references to POISONOUS PLANTS in his famous writing DE HISTORIA PLANTARUM 2 Added a number of poisons and clinical toxicology principles pertaining to BIOAVAILABILITY IN THERAPY and OVERDOSAGE	. 1 Theophrastus (370-286 BC) - Student of Aristotle 2 Hippocrates (400 BC)
ANTIQUITY 1 contains information pertaining to many recognized POISONS, including HEMLOCK, ACONITE, OPIUM and METALS such as lead, copper and antimony. 2 Classify poisons into Plants, Animals, Minerals. Also created DE MATERIA MEDICA which contains references to some 600 PLANTS 3 drunk regularly a mixture of compaction (includes 36 INGREDIENTS) to protect him from assassination.	. 1 Ebers papyrus (1500 BC) 2 Dioscorides 3 King Mithridates VI of Pontus
ANTIQUITY 1 The arrows of the Almighty are in me, my spirit drinks in their poison; God's terrors are marshaled against me.	1 Book of Job (circa 1400 B.C)
MIDDLE AGES 1 DISSERTATION of treatment of poisoning of INSECTS, SNAKES, and Mad dogs Famous writings: TREATISE ON POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES 2 Talks about the ONSET OF ACTION, POTENCY SITE OF ACTION, CLINICAL SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Tested toxic concoction	. 1 Maimonides (A.D 1135- 1204) 2 Catherine de Medici or Catherine de Mecici
(Describe the subject of bioavailability, noting that MILK, BUTTER and CREAM could DELAY INTESTINAL ABSORPTION. )	TREATISE ON POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES by Maimonides (A.D 1135-1204)
RENAISSANCE 1 Focused on timely toxic agents as chemical entity "All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy" 2 Identified that SOOT is the reason for Scrotal Cancer development in Chimney cleaners. First report of POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBON CARCINOGENECITY	. 1 Paracelsus (1493-1541) 2 Percival Pott (1775)
book by Paracelsus which IDENTIFY THE TOXICITY OF THE MERCURY and LEAD from GOLDSMITHING and AGRICOLA. Also the ETIOLOGY OF MINER’S DISEASE along with the treatment and prevention strategies.	On the Miner's Sickness and Other Diseases of Miners
CARBONACEOUS SUBSTANCE produced during incomplete combustion of coal.	Soot
cleaners of chimney sweep later on developed this kind of cancer and he reported that when there is repeated exposure or inhaled on the soot particularly in male	Scrotal cancer
Experimental toxicology accompanied the growth of organic chemistry	Age of Enlightenment- 19th century
Age of Enlightenment- 19th century 1 Starts the FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY – he used autopsy material and chemical analysis systemically as a Legal proof of poisoning 2 studied the MECHANISM OF ACTION EMETINE and STRYCHNINE	. 1 Orfila (1787-1853) 2 Magendie (1783-1885)
1 The discovered emetine is both __ 2 Causes DAMAGE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE and also in the cardiac tissue 3 DAMAGES THE HEART 4 (highly toxic crystalline alkaloid) It is colorless and bitter tasting and usually used as pesticides.	1 myotoxic & cardiotoxic 2 MYOTOXIC 3 CARDIOTOXIC 4 Strychnine
Age of Enlightenment- 19th century 1 Published much of the early work on the TOXICITY OF NARCOTICS, METHANOL, GLYCEROL, ACROLEIN, & CHLOROFORM. Trained many students who later become toxicologist and pharmacologist around the globe	. 1 Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838 1921)
§ Started in late 1950s § Toxicology is definitely understood especially the mechanism § The prevalent use of patent medicines led to several incidents of poisonings from these predicaments.	Modern Toxicology
in this timeframe the discovery of radioactivity and vitamins, • Use of large bioassays, harmful to laboratory animals	1890s and early 1900s
1 First journal of experimental toxicology "__" in 1930 2 response to a tragic CONSEQUENCES OF ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE after taking SULFANILAMIDE IN GLYCOL SOLUTIONS	1 Archiv fur Toxicologie 2 Copeland Bill in U.S