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level: Axial Muscles

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Axial Muscles

QuestionAnswer
Include the skeletal muscles of the trunk and tailAxial Muscles
Extend forward beneath the pharynx as hypobranchial muscles and muscles of the tongueAxial Muscles
Present in orbits as extrinsic eyeball musclesAxial Muscles
Are metameric (segmented appearance created by the epaxial and hypaxial muscles)Axial Muscles
Are segmental because of their embryonic origin; arise from segmental mesodermal somitiesAxial Muscles
Axial musculature consists of a series of segments (______) separated by ______.myomeres, myosepta
Serves as origins and insertions for segmented musclesMyosepta
Are divided into dorsal and ventral masses by a horizontal septum that extends between the transverse processes of the vertebrae.Myomeres
Above the septumEpaxials
Below the septumHypaxials
These septa separate the myomeres of the 2 sides of the bodyMiddorsal, midventral septa
Midventral septum if calledLinea Alba
Tetrapods, like _____ have epaxial and hypaxial masses; these retain some evidence of metamerism even in the highest tetrapodsfish
Are elongated bundles that extend through many body segments and that are located below the expanded appendicular muscles required to operate the limbsEpaxials
True/False: Hypaxials of the abdomen have a myosepta and do not form broad sheets of muscleFalse. They have myosepta and form broad sheets of muscle
True/False: Hypaxials are not oriented into oblique, rectus, and transversus bundles.False. They are oriented into oblique, rectus, and transversus bundles.
Lie along vertebral column dorsal to transverse processes and lateral to neural archesEpaxials of tetrapods
Extend from base of the skull to tip of the tailEpaxials of tetrapods
In these tetrapods, epaxials are obviously metameric and are referred to as the ______.Urodeles and some lizards, dorsalis trunci
Superficial epaxial bundles form long muscles that extend over many body segments; deep bundles are still segmentedHigher tetrapods
Longest bundles areLongissimus group Iliocostalis group Spinalis group
Lies on transverse processes of vertebrae; includes the longest epaxial bundlesLongissimus group Subdivisons: longissimus dorsi, cervicis, capitis
Lateral to longissimus and spinalis; arises on ilium and insertes on dorsal ends of ribs or uncinate processesIliocostalis group
Lies close to neural arches; connects spinous processes or transverse processes with those several vertebrae anteriorlySpinalis group
Invertebral, remain segmented, connect processes (spinous, transverse, and zygapophyses) of adjacent vertebraeShortest bundles
Muscles that form longitudinal bands in roof of body cavity (subvertebral muscles) Muscles of lateral body wall: oblique (external & internal), transverse, rectus musclesHypaxial muscles
True/False Oblique and transverse muscles: In Modern Amniotes: - ribs developed in myosepta along entire length of the trunk - urodeles still have myosepta the length of the trunk (but ribs no longer form in all of them)False
True/False Oblique and transverse muscles: In Modern Amniotes: - myosepta and ribs are restricted to the thorax (so abdominal muscles are not segmented) - hypaxials form 3 layers: external & internal oblique, transverse (in the thorax region: external & internal intercostals which play an important role in respiration, and transverse muscle)True
Weakly developed in most fish; stronger in tetrapodsRectus muscles
Support ventral body wall and aid in arching the backRectus muscles
In mammals, this typically extends from the anterior end of the sternum to the pelvic girdleRectus muscles
Underneath and against transverse processes of vertebraeSub vertebral muscles
Includes the psoas and iliacus in the lumbar region and the longus colli in the neck; less developed in the thorax and none in the tailSub vertebral muscles
True/False In function, short epaxials of tetrapods does not perform same function as in fish (side-to-side movements of vertebral column)False. They perform same function.
True/False The function of epaxials of tetrapods (short and long bundles arch) support the vertebral columnTrue
True/False The function of epaxials of tetrapods (most anterior bundles) is not attached to and move the skullFalse. They are attached to and move the skull.
True/False The function of hypaxials of tetrapods (terrestrial urodeles) is used chiefly for swimming.False. It is aquatic urodeles.
True/False The function of hypaxials in tetrapods (terrestrial urodeles) is to assist in locomotionTrue
True/False Function of hypaxials in other tetrapods is reduced in volume compared to fish because of shift in mode of locomotion; now support contents of abdomen, assist in respiration (especially intercostal muscles), and assist epaxials in bending vertebral column (rectus muscles).True
True/False: Hypobranchial and tongue muscles (FISH): Hypobranchials extend forward from pectoral girdle and insert on mandible, hyoid, and gill cartilagesTrue
True/False: Hypobrachial and tongue muscles (FISH): Hypobranchials strengthen floor of pharynx and assist branchiometric muscles in elevating floor of mouth, lowering jaw, and extending gill pouchesTrue
True/False: Hypobracial and tongue muscles (TETRAPODS): Hypobranchials stabilize and move hyoid apparatus and larynxTrue
True/False: Hypobranchial and tongue muscles (TETRAPODS): The tongue of amniotes is a 'sac' anchored to hyoid skeleton and filled with hypobranchial muscleTrue