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Questions and Answers List

THE NATURE OF DRUGS General Principles of Pharmacology

level questions: Level 2

QuestionAnswer
Routes of Administration• buccal, sublingual, translingual • gastric • intradermal • intramuscular • intravenous • oral • rectal and vaginal • respiratory • subcutaneous • topical
Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actionsDRUG
1 activator -has affinity to the receptor and intrinsic activity 2 Inhibitor -has affinity only1 AGONIST 2 ANTAGONIST
specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role and where the drug molecule interactsRECEPTOR
may interact directly with other drugsChemical Antagonists
from Greek "xenos," meaning stranger not synthesized in the bodyXENOBIOTICS
Drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effectsPOISONS
Poisons of biologic origin (ie. synthesized by plants and animals, in contrast to inorganic poisons such as lead and arsenic)TOXINS
The Physical Nature of Drugs• Solid - Aspirin, Atropine • Liquid - Nicotine, Ethanol • Gaseous - Nitrous Oxide
Drug Size, SMALLEST and LARGEST1 Smallest -- Lithium ion (MW 7) 2 Largest -- Alteplase (MW 59,050) 3 Most drugs -- MW 100-1000
Three major types of bonds1 covalent, 2 electrostatic and 3 hydrophobic
very strong bond and in many cases not reversible under biologic conditions EX. Aspirin with cyclooxygenase enzyme; DNA-alkylating agents used in cancer chemotherapyCOVALENT BONDS
vary from relatively strong linkages between permanently charged ionic molecules to weaker hydrogen bonds and very weak induced dipole interactions such as van der Waals forces WEAKER THAN COVALENT BONDSElectrostatic Bonding
usually quite weak and are probably important in the interactions of highly lipid-soluble drugs with the lipids of cell membranes and perhaps in the interaction of drugs with the internal walls of receptor "pockets"HYDROPHOBIC BONDS
dependent on the chirality (stereoisomerism) of the drug chemical structureDRUG SHAPE
implies the ability to predict the appropriate molecular structure of a drug on the basis of information about its biologic receptorRational Drug Design
must undergo extensive animal studiesIND - Investigational New Drug