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level: Getting the most from reactants

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Getting the most from reactants

QuestionAnswer
how are industrial processes designed?to maximise profit and minimise impact on the environment
what factors can influence industrial process designavailability, sustainability and cost of feedstock opportunities for recycling energy requirements marketability of by products product yield
what environmental factors are taken into consideration when designing industrial processesminimising waste avoiding the use or production of toxic substances designing products which will be biodegradable if appropriate
what is meant by a raw materialnatural resources that can be obtained from the earth that have not undergone any chemical processing
give examples of raw materialsfossil fuels metallic ores minerals air water salt
what is a feedstockreactive components extracted from raw materials by a chemical process. other chemicals can be extracted or synthesised from feedstocks
give examples of feedstocksethene benzene
what is a consumer productproduct manufactured for use in society (which usually has a major impact on quality of life)
give examples of consumer productsdetergents fertilisers cosmetics toiletries
what else could be produced in the manufacture of a consumer product (apart from the consumer product itself)an unwanted side product
how can taking into account availability, sustainability and cost of raw materials or feedstocks make profit in industry?when raw materials/feedstocks are available locally, transport costs are reduced, it is more environmentally friendly
how can taking into account availability, sustainability and cost of raw materials or feedstocks cause loss of profit in industry?some supply is expensive, not readily available or unpredictable, so alternatives will need to be found
how can finding opportunities for recycling make profit in industry?unreacted chemicals can be easily fed back into the reactor, making the process more economical
how can finding opportunities for recycling cause profit loss in industry?unreacted chemicals are difficult to separate from the end product, which makes the process inefficient
how can energy requirements make profit in industry?exothermic reactions can sustain reaction temperature as heat can be conserved or recycled use of catalyst allows reactions to be carried out at a lower temperature
how can energy requirements cause profit loss in industry?endothermic reactions can be costly as energy (gas, electricity) has to be purchased) providing a cool temperature can also be costly due to the cost of refrigeration or coolant
how can use of by product make profit in industryin some cases, by products can be used in the process or sold for profit
how can use of by product cause profit loss in industrysome by products are toxic, corrosive or environmentally damaging this can be costly to deal with
how can product yield make profit in industryif product yield is high then this process is profitable
what is the formula for calculating number of moles when given mass and gfmn=m/gfm n is number of moles in mol m is mass in g gfm is gram formula mass in g
what is the formula for calculating the number of moles when given concentration and volumen=cV n is number of moles in mol c is concentration in mol l-1 V is volume in l
what is the formula for molar volumeVmol=V/n Vmol is molar volume in l mol-1 V is volume in l n is number of moles in mol
what is percentage yield used forused to compare the yield of a product actually obtained with what could have been obtained in theory (if all of the reactants were converted with no waste)
what is atom economy used fora measure of the percentage of reactant that become useful products used more in industry than percentage yield as it tells chemists how efficient a process actually is