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level: level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: level 2

QuestionAnswer
Vitamin A types and sources1 Retinoids - retinol, retinal, retinoic acid animal foods, milk fortification 2 Carotenoids - beta-carotene plants vitamin A precursor
Vitamin A Functions1 Visual pigment (rhodopsin) 2 Maintenance of epithelial cells (keratin protein synthesis) 3 Bone and Immune System Development
Vitamin D 1 Dietary sources 2 Skin1 animal foods, fortified milk 2 cholesterol + sunlight - Vitamin D3 - 5-10 minutes, arms and legs, mid-day sun Liver & Kidney for activation
Vitamin D: FunctionsHelps regulate blood calcium levels When blood calcium levels are low, vitamin D (and other hormones): 1 Increases dietary calcium absorption 2 Decreases urinary calcium excretion 3 Increases bone calcium mobilization
Vitamin D: Deficiency will cause __1 Rickets - bone deformities in children 2 Osteomalacia - weak bones due to low calcium content - Vitamin D deficiency - Calcium deficiency - multiple pregnancies
Vitamin D: Toxicity 5 times the RDA chronically: __calcification of soft tissue toxicity due to excessive vitamin supplementation
Calcium Functions1 Bone Structure (99%) 2 Regulator of Metabolism (1%) - nerve impulse transmission - muscle contraction - blood clotting 3 Regulation of Blood Calcium
abnormal muscle cramping nerve irritationhypocalcemia & hypercalcemia
Brittle, weak bones due to loss of total bone mass (minerals and protein)Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis risk factors1 Genetics Caucasian > Asian > Blacks 2 Chronic Calcium Deficiency 3 Lack of Exercise 4 Gender - associated with declines in estrogen production - post-menopause - anorexia, female athletes
Prevention of Osteoporosis1 Exercise 2 Dietary Calcium 300 mg/d from plant sources 300 mg/d from each serving of dairy
Calcium Supplements1 Calcium carbonate - cheap 2 Calcium citrate/malate (CCM) - expensive 3 Adequate amounts of vitamin D 4 Hormonal replacement in high risk women
Folic acid 1 DRI (RDA): 1998 __ 2 Typical folate intake 3 FUNCTIONS1 600 ug/d pregnancy (400) 2) 200 ug/d 3 “single carbon metabolism” - DNA synthesis (cell division) - other reactions
1 Functions “single carbon metabolism” 2 Typical folate intake 3 DRI (RDA): 19981 Folic Acid 2) 200 ug/d 3 600 ug/d pregnancy (400)
Folic Acid Deficiency leads to __1 Megaloblastic Anemia 2 Elevated blood homocysteine 3 Neural Tube Defects
1 large abnormal red blood cells 2 CHD risk factor1 Megaloblastic Anemia 2 Elevated blood homocysteine
Vitamin B-12 1 DRI (1998): 2 Dietary sources 3 Function: __1) 2.4 ug/d (old 2 ug/d) 2 animal foods fortified cereals 3 “single carbon isomerization” - synthesis of DNA (folate interaction) - nerve fiber sheath synthesis
1 Vitamin B-12 Deficiency __ 2 Digestion and Absorption1 Pernicious Anemia - megaloblastic anemia - nerve injury - peripheral weakness and numbness - progressive degeneration to death - concern among the elderly 2 Requires functioning stomach “intrinsic factor protein” acid production