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level: Level 1 of Mutations and Cancer

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Mutations and Cancer

QuestionAnswer
Types of mutationsDeletion-one or more base removed Addition- one or bases inserted Substitution-one or more bases swapped Duplication-one or more bases repeated /added Inversion-a sequence of bases is reversed Translocation-a sequence of bases is removed and relocated
What types of mutation causes a frame shiftdeletion, additition, duplication, translocation
effects of mutation on proteins structure1. define the type of mutation 2.change in DNA sequence 3. frame shift? 4.what codons change 5. cause mrna or trna to change 6. cause amino acid sequence to change 7, hydrogen / ionic bonds change 8. tertiary structure change ,,,, active site change so no es complex
How does a plasmid cause antibiotic resistancemutation occurs , change in dna sequence , causing antibiotic resistance gene, which codes for a protien that breaks down anti biotic
What are acquired mutationsoccur spotaneously , or by mutatic agents NOT PASSED TO OFF SPRING E.G SKIN CANCER
What are hereditary mutationsmutations that are present in the gametes pass to off spring
How to tumours differ from normal cells- nucleus is larger and darker -irregular shape -different antigens on surface -dont respond to regulatory processes -divide by mitosis more frequently
What is benign tumourgrows slowly and does not spread far, do not invade tissues
what is a malignant tumourgrows quickly, spreads throughout surrounding tissue
what is metatstasisa tumour that spreads to a blood stream or lympthatic system , spreads causing secondary tumours
What are the causes for cancergenetics environment lifestyle age
What do proto-oncogenes dotheycode for proteins that stimulate cell growth if proto oncogene mutates to oncogene cells divide too quick
What do tumour supressor genes docodes for proteins that inhibit cell division when mutates inhibits function of protein so mitotis increases
What is the methylation of DNAaddition of methyl to DNA. regulates gene expression when mutayes leads to growth of tumours
What is the role of oestrogen in breast cancerhigh levels can cause breast cancer stimulates breast cells to divide so mutations if cells become cancerous . oestrogen causes it to grow quicker can induce mutations