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level: Level 1 of Blood glucose

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Blood glucose

QuestionAnswer
What is Homeostatisthe maintenenace of as constant internal environment
Importances of temperature constantIf the temperature was too low: Enzyme rate of reactions would decrease due to decreased kinetic energy. This causes less ES complexes to form.   Homeostasis ensures that the internal temperature is maintained. This allows optimal enzyme reactions to occur; processes such as respiration occur continuously.   If the temperature is too high: Hydrogen and ionic bonds in the enzyme break. This alters the specific tertiary structure and alters the active site shape. The substrate is no longer complementary so ES complexes do not form.
Importance of keeping ph constantoptimum ph for salivary amylase 7/8 optimum ph for pepsin 1/2 deviation from optimum temp causes enzymes to denature
Importance keeping blood glucose levels are constantmaintaining water potential so cells don't shrink or burst if gluclose is low less energy if blood wp maintained then more hydrated
What is Negative feedbackwhen normal level changes , receptors detect change and communicate through via nervous or hormonal system , effectors respond THE CHANGE IN SYSTEM IS BROUGHT BACK TO NORMAL
What is positive feedbackamplifies the change when normal level is changed
What is GLYCOGENESISGlyco - glycogen genesis - formation formation of glycogen
GlycogenolysisGLycogen lysis - hydrolysis hydrolysis of glycogen
Gluconeogenesisgluco- glucose neo- new genesis - formation formation of new glucose molecules
HypoglycaemiaHypo- low Gly- glucose Aemia -blood low blood glucose
HyperglycaemiaHyper - higher gly - clucose aemia -- blood high blood glucose
insulin activates glycogenesis howALPHA glucose joined by codensation reaction , realeasing water glycosidic bonds are formed processes carried out by enzymes
Glycerol + amino acids to glucose is what processGluconeogensesis
Glucose to glycogenglycogenolysis
How does insulin regulate blood glucose levelsBlood glucose levels INCREASE after food is eaten (food digested and glucose absorbed in ileum) The pancreas detects the INCREASE in blood glucose. The beta cells of the pancreas release INSULIN Insulin is released into the blood and moves to the liver. Insulin binds to the specific insulin receptor proteins in the liver cell membrane. This Causes an increase in glucose channel proteins in the liver cells membrane so more glucose moves from blood into the liver cells by FD Enzymes are activated enzymes join glucose molecules together to form glycogen (glycogenesis ) excess glucose molecules are converted to fat these negative feedback mechanisms decrease blood glucose levels back to normal
What happens blood glucose levels decrease (not eating )Blood glucose levels DECREASE (not eating/fasting/exercise) The pancreas detects the DECREASE in blood glucose. The alpha cells of the pancreas release GLUCAGON Glucagon is released into the blood and moves to the liver. Glucagon binds to the specific Glucagon receptor proteins in the liver cell membrane. This activates the second messenger model. Binding of glucagon activated adenylate cyclase (enzyme) which converts ATP in cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A (enzyme) which activates a cascade of enzyme reactions. The enzymes hydrolyse glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) The glucose moves out of liver cells through channel proteins in the liver cell membrane and into the blood. This increases the blood glucose level. . Gluconeogenesis also occurs – new glucose molecules produced from amino acids/glycerol. 6. These negative feedback mechanisms INCREASE the blood glucose levels back to normal.