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level: Phytochemicals and Free Radicals

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Phytochemicals and Free Radicals

QuestionAnswer
What are the 5 classifications of phytochemicals?Nitrogen-containing compounds Organosulfur Compounds Carotenoids Alkaloids Phenolics NO CAP
What are the main two types of phytochemicals?Carotenoids Phenolics
What are the three types of carotenoids?Lycopene Lutein Zeaxanthin
________Carotenoids turn into vitamin A, __________ carotenoids are AntioxidantsSome All
Food sources of lutein and zeaxanthin:any green or yellow veggies (+egg yolks)
Processing carotenoids ___inc/dec_______ absorptionincrease
Food sources of lycopene (3)Watermelon Tomatoes Gac *RED* foods
Lycopene functions (2)Decrease (prostate) cancers decrease plaque formation
All phytochemicals are (4)Antioxidants anti-inflammatory anti hypertensive anti-platelet
What are the 4 types of phenolics?Quercitin Catechin Isoflavenoid Anthocyanins Cats and Ants like Queer Flavors
Phenolic functions related to cancer (4)decrease proliferation decrease angiogenesis decrease metastasis increase apoptosis
Phenolics functions (3)Decrease certain cancers increase endothelial function antibacterial/viral
Quercitin food sourceswhite/colorless foods: Lovage Onions Capers Apples
Quercetin increases the immune system by decreasing ________inflammatory immune substances
Catechins food sources (5)Teas/apple juice grapes cocoa beans lentils black eyed peas
Catechins can help protect from __________Cancer
What is the main type of isoflavenoid?Genistein
What are the sources of isoflavenoids? (2)Soy products Kudzu
Isoflavenoid functions (2)Decrease lipoprotein oxidation Decrease oxidative DNA damage
Anthocyanin food sources: (4)Black/purpleish colors Berries Black rice soybeans Blood oranges
Anthocyanin functions (3)protects pancreatic B-cells improves gut bacteria decrease CRP
Free Radicals are molecules with _________ unpaired E-sone or more
Not all ROS are ___________Free radicals
4 main ROS particlessuperoxide radical Hydrogen Peroxide Hydroxyl Radical Singlet molecular Oxygen
Hydroxyl radicals can be made by (3)gamma rays Hydrogen Peroxide + superoxide radical Hydrogen Peroxide + free Fe or Cu
What is the Fenton Reaction?Free Fe plus hydrogen peroxide
What are the 3 types of endogenous ROS producers?Mitochondrial leak Oxidative Burst Enzyme reactions
What is an example of enzyme reactions that produce ROSCOX and LOX (Metabolize fatty acids)
Where does the mitochondrial leak occur?at coenzyme Q to complex III
Where is superoxide radical made?E- transport chain
It superoxide radical is not treated by superoxide dismutase, it turns into ________ or __________Hydrogen Peroxide Hydroxyl Radical
What are some examples of environmental sources of free radicals?Aerobic exercise smoking UV light xenobiotics excess sugar/fats stress pollutants inflammation
What are the 3 endogenous antioxidants?Glutathione peroxidase Superoxide Dismutase Catalase CATs have SUPER GLUTS
Endogenous antioxidant : Glutathione Peroxidase ( what is the cofactor? where is it found?, and what does it decrease?)Se Cytoplasm/mitochondria Peroxides
Endogenous antioxidant : Superoxide Dismutase ( what is the cofactor? where is it found?, and what does it decrease?)Mg, Zn, Cu Extra/intracellular superoxides (and therefore H. Peroxide)
Endogenous antioxidant : Catalase ( what is the cofactor? where is it found?, and what does it decrease?)Fe Cytoplasm of organelles H. Peroxide
What are the dietary antioxidants? (12)Vitamin E and C Carotenoids (pro vit A) Fe Se Zn Mg Mn Bilirubin Lipoic Acid MT's Phytochemicals
Bio indicators of oxidative stress (5)Pentane 8-OHDG LPO 4- HNE MDA
Free radical benefits (5)apoptosis immunity cellular differentiation Protein phosphorylation Transcription Factors PAC IT