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level: Insulin

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Insulin

QuestionAnswer
What are the two substrates used to activate GLUT transporters?IRS-2 PL3K
_________ comes out when glucose is *goneGlucagon *Actually when glucose is low
Glucagon is a ________ made in the ________ by _________ during __________Hormone Pancreas Alpha Cells Hypoglycemia
Insulin is a ________ made in the ________ by _________ during __________hormone pancreas Beta Cells Hyperglycemia
Of this list, what does insulin increase? Glycogen Synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Lipolysis Glucose Uptake Glycogenolysis Fatty Acid SynthesisGlycogen Synthesis Glycolysis Glucose Uptake Fatty Acid Synthesis
Of this list, what does insulin decrease? Glycogen Synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Lipolysis Glucose Uptake Glycogenolysis Fatty Acid Synthesisgluconeogenesis Lipolysis Glycogenolysis
Of this list, what does glucagon increase? Glycogen Synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Lipolysis Glucose Uptake Glycogenolysis Fatty Acid SynthesisGluconeogenesis lipolysis glycogenolysis
Of this list, what does glucagon decrease? Glycogen Synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Lipolysis Glucose Uptake Glycogenolysis Fatty Acid SynthesisGlycogen Synthesis Glycolysis Glucose Uptake Fatty Acid Synthesis
Normal periods of insulin Resistance (3)Puberty Pregnancy Lactation
What is the proposed mechanism of insulin resistance?decrease function of insulin receptor substrates (which causes a decrease of GLUT transporters)
Insulin resistance results in the blood and cells (4)increased glucose in the blood hyperinsulemia increased FBG Glucose intolerant cells
Which cell types are the most likely to become glucose intolerant? (2)adipocytes Muscle cells
When muscles are unable to uptake glucose, what two things cause damage to the liver? Why?Increased FFA (body uses fat for energy instead) -Extra FFA is processed by the liver and causes damage Increased insulin causes liver to synthesize TAG -this increases risk of NAFLD
Increased TAG causes (2)increased VLDLs Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia
Insulin resistance causes what to happen in artery walls? (2)Vascular distress Damaged artery walls (increased plaque formation)
What 3 tissue types are insulin independent?Retina, Kidney, Nervous
The Polyol pathway describes how damage occurs in ___________cellsInsulin Independent
How to increase insulin sensitivity (physical changes—4)Healthy body wt Microbiome Physical Activity No smoking
How to increase insulin sensitivity (Nutrients—8)Mg Antioxidants Vitamin D Cr Omega 3 Phytochemicals Fiber Zn MAD COPs FiZz
What is the AI for chromium?25-35 mcg/d
Sources of Chromium (7)Fruits Veggies Whole Grains Meats Cheese Dark Chocolate Cookware
What is the highest source of chromium?Organ meat
What nutrients effect insulin metabolism?Mg Vit D Ca
Metabolic syndrome and DM2 Similarities (2)Insulin resistance Central Adiposity
What causes metabolic syndrome? (3)Sedentary Lifestyle Central Adiposity Genetic Predisposition
Adults ages _____-______ are when metabolic syndrome likely starts (Not sure what my notes meant by these ages but this is what I think?)20-39
What decreases your risk of MS (2)increasing resistant and/or aerobic exercise Healthy body fat @ birth
What increases risk of MS (2)High infant body fat Excess CHO intake
Possible symptoms of MS (5) * having at least ____ symptoms = MS diagnosisDyslipidemia Elevated waistline high FBG Insulin resistance Hypertension having at least THREE symptoms = MS diagnosis
Hypertension can lead to (5)CVD Stroke Visual Impairment Dementia Renal Failure
What is the ideal blood pressureLESS THAN 120/80mmHg
Hypertension is classified as:greater than 130-139/80-89
What can effect BP (9)Sex (testosterone) Age Smoking Stress Exercise high Alcohol intake central adiposity diabetes High blood cholesterol SASSy CDs EHH?
What diet interventions can decrease blood pressure? (7)Mg Fruits and Veggies Ca K Vit D PUFAS Dairy products Many FRUITS AND VEGGIES Can Keep Diastolic Pressure Down
What in a diet can increase blood pressure? (4)Na Cl Saturated fats Caffeine
What 4 pathologies is DM2 the leading cause ofVisual Impairment Neuropathy Heart Disease Kidney Failure
DM2 can lead to ________, ________, and __________NAFLD Cancer Sleep Apnea
The Sorbitol Pathway and the Sorbitol-Aldose Reductase Pathway are both synonyms for:The Polyol Pathway
Sorbitol is a _________ __________Sugar Alcohol
The polyol pathway describes how DM2 can damage _______microvascular pathways
What are the two enzymes that are important in the Polyol Pathway?AR (aldose reductase) SDH (Sorbitol Dehydrogenase)
Fill in the blanks: Glucose enters a cell through GLUT transporters, and is then converted to sorbitol through the enzyme ________, then it is converted into fructose through the enzyme _______.AR SDH
Normally in the glycolytic pathway, glucose is converted into _________, however if there is excess BG, it goes through the Polyol pathway and ultimately turns into ________Pyruvate Fructose
Fructose can be used by: (3)Liver (energy) PNS (schwann cells) Lens + Retina
In Hyperglycemic conditions, these polyol pathway substances are increased: (4)BG Sorbitol Fructose NADH
In Hyperglycemic conditions, these are decreased (3)Myo-inositol Taurine NADPH
Myo-inositol can _______increase insulin effectiveness
Taurine is a/an ________Antioxidant
NADPH converting to NADH increases _________A superoxide radical
(decrease) NAPDH reduces synthesis of: (4)NO synthase Insulin Glutathione Reductase Myo-inositol + Taurine
Glutathione reductase helps to synthesize ________ which is important because it can help ___________glutathione recycle Vit E
Polyol ________ induces ________ imbalanceshyperactivity Metabolic
Insulin plays a role in ________NO synthesis
As you age _______ decreasesNO
Nitric oxide effects (2)Vasodilates arteries Increases blood flow (to nerve cells)
What are two important roles of glutathione?Antioxidant Maintains Vit E + C
Decrease glutathione = ___________Oxidative stress!
Fructose can be metabolized into: (2)3DG MGO
________ by-products cause vascular damage which can be used to understand seriousness of _________ conditionAGEs Hyperglycemia
3DG and MGO both increase: _________advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) (glucose coated lipids, proteins...etc.)
What is A and BA) increase Sorbitol B) Decreases NADPH
What is C + DC) decrease NO D) Decrease GSH (glutathione)
What is E, F, G, H, Idecrease blood flow (to nerve cells) Decrease Myo-inositol (Decrease nerve function) Increase ROS Decrease Vit E + C Decrease Taurine (antioxidant)