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level: Fat

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Fat

QuestionAnswer
Fat first goes through the ______ , then goes through the ________ before entering the ______digestive system lymphatic system blood stream
The first lipoprotein made is a _______chylomicron
Types of fat (4)Fatty Acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols
2 main types of sterols?Cholesterol, and Cholesteryl Ester
Cholesterol is amphipathic. What does this mean?1/2 hydrophobic, 1/2 hydrophile
Cholesteryl Ester is found ______ the chylomicron because it is ________inside hydrophobic
_______cell(s) make cholesterol, only the ______ can break it downevery liver
All type of fats produce 9kcal/g vs cholesterol which is _____kcal/g0
what are the 3 types of plant sterols?B-Sitosterol Campesterol Stigmasterol
Benefits of plant sterols (2)displace cholesterol from micelles decrease cholesterol absorption
Plant sterols are found in (4)vegetable oils nuts + seeds Legumes Some in cereal
Fatty acids are C-H chains stuck to a _________groupcarboxylic
FA chains: short chain<8 carbons
FA chains: medium8-12 carbons
FA chains: long14-18 carbons
FA chains:very long20+ carbons
FA must be in ______ numberseven
MCT should be in donuts because ________. However there is one issue and the reason why they aren'tgo directly into the portal blood through albumin Abdominal pain
______ is the most highly concentrated form of saturated fatCoconut oil
Coconut oil is made of ___<insert type of fatty acid>____. The main MCT that it contains is _________.saturated fatty acids Lauric Acid
Large amounts of coconut oil can cause what?increase of LDL levels
What is found in the core of lipoproteins? (4)Non polar particles such as: TAG/TG, Cholesteryl Ester, Fat-soluble vitamins, Fat soluble material
What is found on the surface of lipoproteins (3)Polar components: mono-phospholipid layer free cholesterol apolipoproteins
What are the types of lipoproteins? (5)Chylomicrons VLDL IDL LDL HDL
list the types of lipoproteins from biggest to smallestChylomicrons VLDL IDL LDL HDL
Where do chylomicrons come from?small intestinal cells
Where do VLDL-->HDL come from?Liver
HDL can come from 2 places:Liver Small intestinal cells
What does lipoprotein lipase do? (3)Binds to lipoproteins, releases contents, and allows fat to enter cells
What are the three types of lipoprotein lipase?lipoprotein lipase hepatic triglyceride lipase endothelial lipase
The various proportions of lipids found in ______ reflect dietchylomicrons
The most common fatty acid found in a diet is?triglycerides (TAG)
Insulin can ______ uptake of FFA by stimulating _____Increase lipoprotein lipase
Insulin speeds up the process of converting _______ to ______glucose Fatty Acids
After Chylomicrons release all of the TAG, they go to ________the liver
Excess Chylomicron remnants increase the risk of: (4)Insulin Resistance Metabolic Syndrome DM 2 Post prandial hypertriglyceridemia
Diet intervention to decrease/eliminate Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia (6)Fiber Polyphenols Plant sterols Omega 3 & 6 Increase MCTs Decrease Western Diet
The Western diet is high in (4)processed meats high fat dairy sodium refined sugars and grains
The western diet is low in: (6)Ca K Fruits Veggies Whole Grains Fish
Excess CM remnants can cause damage such as (4)Systemic Inflammation Platelet cohesion/coagulation Smooth muscle cells Adhesion of monocytes to artery walls
VLDL comes from: (3)Preformed lipids Non-lipid precursors FFA bound to Albumin
LDL have high amounts of ______ and low amounts of ______ compared to other lipoproteinscholesterol TAG
Where are LDL receptors found? (3)smooth muscle liver epithelial in GI tract
What are the 3 possible actions LDL can take?Be taken up by a cell Be destroyed by macrophages Fuse with Lysosome
What can decrease LDL receptors? (2)Increased central Adiposity Increase of SFA and TFA in the diet
What can increase LDL receptors? (2)Soluble fiber phytosterols
HDL functions (4)reverse cholesterol transport Decrease blood clots heal endothelium anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties
How to increase HDLS (7)No smoking Omega-3 Fiber Moderate SFA Estrogen Moderate alcohol intake Exercise FON MEMEs
Atherogenic Lipid Triad is caused by (5)High serum TG Low HDL levels small HDL size High LDL levels Small LDL size
Different types of adipose tissue and purpose (3)White (storage, adipokine secretion) Brown (active;heat) Beige (White--> brown)
________ WAT has a high incidence of ________visceral metabolic disorders
Where is subcutaneous fat found?under skin
Where is visceral fat found?kidneys, Intestines, Heart
Fat distribution differs due to these three factorsage genetics sex
What is Android and Gynoid Obesity?Android: male Gynoid: Female (butt + hips)
How is it stored: GlucoseGlycogen Liver and muscles
How is it stored: proteinprotein muscle and organs
Functions of fat (4)Energy storage Insulation/protection Absorption (vitamins) Structural component of cells (phospholipids)
Endocrine functions of fat (2)Creates Cytokines and Adipokine hormones
What are adipokines?protein structure (hormones) that are either pro or anti inflammatory
What is the purpose of adipokines?Communication within adipose tissue and to other organs
What are the 6 types of adipokinesResistin Omentin-1 Gaspin Visfatin Leptin Adiponectin RESISTING an OMEN, GASPING VISFATIN LEFT and took ADIP
Leptin is a hormone that ______helps you feel satiety
Describe the Leptin Resistance and weight loss cycle1) Secreted directly in proportion to fat mass 2)Lose fat rapidly = leptin decreases rapidly 3) increases appetite
Leptin can effect appetite as well as ________ and _________Energy expenditure reproductivity
Leptin targets these organs (6)Bones Pancreas Muscle Reproductive organs Vascular system Kidney Best Pals Must React Very Kindly
Leptin's immune system functions (4)Activate Macrophages + Dendritic Cells Chemotaxis TH1 activation TH2 inhibition CATT
Adiponectin relationship with weight?increase adiponectin = decrease weight
Adiponectin functions (4)increase insulin sensitivity and b oxidation decrease TNF-a and Macrophages- - -> foam cells
Resistin is produced by ________ and __________Adipocytes and macrophages
Increase of resistin in the body can cause: (5)central adiposity glucose intolerance chronic inflammation endothelial dysfunction Increase macrophage recruitment
Omentin-1 functions (4)decrease central adiposity decrease macrophage recruitment decrease TNF-a activity Increase insulin sensitivity
Visfatin functions (2)maturation + polarization of macrophages
Vaspin functions (2)Inhibits ROS generation increases insulin sensitivity
Dysfunctional adipocytes increase all of these pro inflammatory adipocytes (3)Leptin Resistin Visfatin
Dysfunctional adipocytes decrease all of these anti inflammatory adipocytes (3)Adiponectin Omentin Vaspin
Which interleukins are anti-inflammatory and increase insulin sensitivity? (3)IL-4 IL-10 IL-13
Which Interleukin induces macrophages - -> M2IL-4
Which interleukins are proinflammatory (4)IL-6 TNF-a IL-1B IFN-Y
Which interleukins increase insulin resistance? (2)IL-6, TNF-a
Which interleukins recruit more macrophages? (3)IL-6, MCP-1, IFN-Y
TNF-a increases ______ and _______ROS FFA release
IFN-y (Interferon Gamma) causes _______ and ________polarization of M2- -> M1 Apoptosis
MCP-1 stands forMonocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1
Long term adipocyte dysfunction effects theses 4 things the most:Liver Pancreatic b cells Skeletal muscle heart + Vascular beds
Hyperplasia is:increase # of cells
Hypertrophy is:Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia decreases (4)pro-inflammatory hypoxia FFA release Immune Cell recruitment
hyperplasia increases (3)cell # Adiponectin Insulin sensitivity
Hypertrophy increases (5)FFA release Hypoxia Pro inflammatory immune cell recruitment Cell size
Hypertrophy decreases (2)insulin sensitivity adiponectin
What is better, Hyperplasia or hypertrophy?Hyperplasia
Small vs large fat cells: lipid dropletsSmall has many lipid droplets Large has one lipid droplet
Small vs Large fat cells: GLUT 4small–GLUT4 intact large–GLUT4 impaired
non dysfunctional adipocytes have (5):Macrophages (M2) TH2 Treg iNKT Eosinophils
Dysfunctional Adipocytes have: (6)Mast cells TNF-a M1 B cells (antibodies) Cytotoxic T cells TH 1
Mast cells secrete _______TNF-a
M2 release (4)IL 4, 10 ,13 PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)
All immune system players in a non-dysfunctional adipocyte provide_____ except _______ and _______ also have othersIL 4 iNKT (IL 10) TH2 (IL 10 +13)
IFN-Y is released by _________ and _________ in a dysfunctional adipocyteCytotoxic T cells TH1
M1 release (3)MCP-1 TNF-a IL-Ib
Overall, in a dysfunctional cell, these 5 things are increased:insulin resistance immune cell recruitment inflammation FFA release Polarization of M2 - -> M1
central adipocity can decrease _________ which supresses immune responseTREG