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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

QuestionAnswer
a 19th-century British naturalist who sailed the world in a ship and developed of a theory of evolution based on natural selectionCharles Darwin
proposed that acquired traits were inherited and passed on to offspringJean-Baptiste de Lamarck
the study of fossilspaleontology
the study of the distribution of plants and animals in the environmentbiogeography
plantsflora
animalsfauna
the study of development of an organismembryology
the study of the anatomy of various animalsmorphological homologies
appendages that have evolved to serve different purposeshomologous structures
structures that have evolved totally independent of one anotheranalogous structures
the field of science that examines nucleotide and amino acid sequences in different organismmolecular biology
consistent small changes in DNA and changes in the fossil recordcontinuing evolution
charts to study relationships between organismphylogenetic tree/cladograms
the group least related to the other speciesout-group
the differences in each persongenetic variability
the change in the gene pool of population overtime (ex. peppered moths becoming light or dark dependent on the air pollution)evolution
requires genetic variation and environmental pressure that gives some individuals an advantagenatural selection
any trait that causes an individual to reproduce betterevolutionary fitness
traits that cause females to find males attractive and evolution goes from theresexual selection
causes a change in the genetics of a population but is not natural selectiongenetic drift
occurs when only a few individuals are left otay mate and regrow a populationbottleneck/founder effect
occurs between different populations of the same species if individuals migrate to/from the populationsgene flow
one phenotype was favored at one of the extremes of the normal distributiondirectional selection
organisms in a population with extreme traits are eliminatedstabilizing selection
favors both the extreme and selects against common traitsdisruptive selection
selection where humans directly affect variation in other speciesartificial selection
two individuals must be able to mate and produce variable offspring that would then be capable of mating and producing offspringspecies
variation and different environmental pressure that could change in different ways and no longer be able to matedivergent evolution
a quick period of little evolutionpunctuated equilibrium
a change that comes about after many smaller changesgradualism
occurs when a species rapidly diversifies due to an abundance of available ecological niches suddenly opening upadaptive radiation
prevent fertilization (ex. temporal isolation)pre-zygotic barriers
the inability of a hybrid organisms to produce offspring.post-zygotic barrier
the process by which two unrelated and dissimilar species come to have similar traits due to exposure to similar selective pressuresconvergent evolution
a population becomes separated from the rest of the species by a geographic barrier so that the two populations can't interbreedallopatric speciation
new species form without any geographic barrierssympatric speciation
occurs when it gets doubles of chromosomes (mainly plants)polyploidy
states that even with all of the shuffling of genes that goes on, the relative frequencies of genotypes in a population are constant over time (1- large pop., 2- no net mutation, 3- no immigration/emigration, 4- random mating, 5- no natural selection)Hardy-Weinberg law
proposed that the primitive atmosphere contained mostly inorganic molecules and was rich in methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water but no free oxygenOparin and Haldane
simulated the conditions of primitive Earth in a labMiller and Urey
the hypothesis that original life-forms were simply molecules of RNARNA- world hypothesis