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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

QuestionAnswer
the region where the RNA polymerase binds to being transcriptionpromoter gene
the region where the RNA polymerase binds to being transcriptionpromoter gene
the region where the RNA polymerase binds to being transcriptionpromoter gene
the building blocks of DNAnucleotides
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thyminenitrogenous bases
small double-stranded circular DNA moleculesplasmids
the linkage of nucleotidesphosphodiester bonds
guanine always goes with cytosine and adenine with thyminebase pairing
the linkage of DNA strands togetherhydrogen bonds
all of the DNA for a speciesgenome
each separate chunk of DNA in a genomechromosome
the proteins that DNA is wrapped aroundhistone
the groups that histones are bunched intonucleosome
the genetic material is in a loose form in the nucleuseuchromatin
the genetic material is fully condensed into coilsheterochromatin
the copying of DNADNA replication
an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds in DNAhelicase
the site at which DNA replication beginsorigins of replication
cuts and rejoins the helix to prevent tanglingtopoisomerases
the enzyme that performs the actual addition of nucleotides to the freshly built strandsDNA polymerase
the strand of DNA that is made continuouslyleading strand
the strand of DNA that is made discontinuouslylagging strand
the small pieces of DNA created by the lagging strandOkazaki fragments
the enzyme that binds the Okazaki fragmentsDNA ligase
DNA replicates in a way that conserves half of the original molecule in each of the two new onessemiconservative
the ends of a DNA molecule that shorten overtimetelomeres
the process of RNA to DNAtranscription
the process of RNA to protein productiontranslation
DNA -> RNA -> proteinsCentral Dogma of Biology
the nitrogenous base that replaces thymine in RNAuracil
a temporary RNA version that gets sent to the ribosomemessenger RNA (mRNA)
produced in the nucleolus and makes up part of the ribosomeribosomal RNA (rRNA)
shuttles amino acid to the ribosomestransfer RNA (tRNA)
small snippets of RNA that are naturally made in the body or intentionally created by humansinterfering RNA (RNAi)
the ability to transcribe multiple proteins (prokaryotes)polycistronic transcript
one gene that gets transcribed to one mRNA and translates into one protein (eukaryotes)monocistronic
the official starting point of transcriptionstart site
the regions that express the code that will be turned into proteinsexons
the non-coding regions in the mRNAintrons
intron removal by spliceosomes before the mRNA leaves the nucleussplicing
the end of which the poly A tail is added3 prime
the end of which a GTP cap is added5 prime
three nucleotidescodon
the opposite end of the tRNA that has three nitrogenous bases that can complementarily bae pair with the codon in the mRNAanticodon
things that don't normally pair upwobble pairing
the first step of translation that begins with three binding sites, A,P,E and a start codon (AUG)initiation
the linkage of amino acids and edition of them in translation (2nd step)elongation
the last step in translation that involves a stop codontermination
molecules that can encourage or inhibit the start of transcriptiontranscription factors
changes that alter the ability of the transcription machinery to access a geneepigenetic changes
a cluster of genes that can be under the control of a single promoteroperons
code for enzymes needed in a chemical reactionstructural genes
the region where the RNA polymerase binds to being transcriptionpromoter gene
a region that controls whether transcription will occur and where the repressor bindsoperator
codes for a specific regulatory protein called the repressorregulatory gene
occurs when the cell creates an RNA but decides that it should not be translated into a proteinpost-transcriptional regulation
the cell changes shape and organization many times by going through a successsion of stagesmorphogenesis
when an egg is fertilized by a sperm and forms a diploid cellzygote
triggers the zygote to go through a series of cell divisionsfertilization
early genes that turn certain cells into the early embryohomeotic genes
a subset of homeotic genesHox genes
an error in the genetic codemutation
the mutation resulted by a single nucleotide base substitutionbase substitution (point mutation)
causes the original codon to become a stop codon resulting in early termination of protein synthesisnonsense mutations
causes the original codon to be altered and produce a different amino acidmissense mutation
happens when a codon that codes for the same amino acid is created and therefore does not change the corresponding protein sequencesilent mutation
involves DNA sequences that have deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocationsgene rearrangements
the insertion or deletion of codons that result in a change in the sequenceframeshift mutation
result in an extra copy of genes and are usually caused by unequal crossing-over during meiosis or chromosome rearrangementsduplications
result when changes occur in the orientation of chromosomal regionsinversions
occur when two different chromosomes break and rejoin in a way that causes the DNA sequence to be losttranslocations
gene segments that can cut and paste themselves throughout the genometransposons
common pathogens and prokaryotes that come in many shapes and sizesbacteria
something that bacteria can do that swaps some of their DNA with other bacterial cellsconjugation
nonliving agents capable of infecting cellsviruses
the thing a virus infectshost
a commonly studied virus that infects bacteriabacteriophage
the two types of replication cycles bacteria undergolytic and lysogenic cycle
the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells using a lysogenic virustransduction
viruses with a lipid envelopeenveloped virus
retroviruses like HIV use this enzyme to convert their RNA genomes into DNA so insertion into a host can happenreverse transcriptase
generated by combining DNA from multiple sources to create a unique DNA molecule not found in naturerecombinant DNA
a branch of technology that produces new organism or products b transferring genes between cellsgenetic engineering
a lab technique that is used to create billions of identical copies of genes within hours and uses the process of amplification otay create many copiespolymerase chain reaction (PCR)
the process of giving bacteria foreign DNAtransformation
putting a plasmid into a eukaryotic celltransfection
DNA fragment separation by molecular weight and charge which uses restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA fingerprintinggel electrophoresis
allows scientist to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA moleculeDNA sequencing