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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

QuestionAnswer
the study of how cells release and store energybioenergetics
energy cannot be created or destroyed (sum of energy is constant)1st Law of Thermodynamics
the universe tends to disorder (high entropy)2nd Law of Thermodynamics
reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants (energy lost)exergonic reactions
reactions that require an input of energy (energy gained)endergonic
the state of which reactants but first turn (a high energy molecule)transition state
the amount of energy needed to reach a transition stateactivation energy
a biological catalyst that speed up reaction by lowering activation energyenzymes
each enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reactionenzyme specificity
the target molecules in enzymatic reactionssubstrates
a special region on an enzymeactive site
when an enzyme temporarily binds to one or more of the substrates to its active siteenzyme-substrate complex
the idea that enzymes must change shape to accommodate the shape of substratesinduced-fit
factors that help enzymes in catalyzing a reactioncofactors
organic cofactor moleculescoenzymes
enzymes damaged by heat and deprived of their ability to catalyze reactionsdenatured
a measure of temperature sensitivity of a physiological process or enzymatic reaction rateQ10
when enzymes bind at a site that isn't the active siteallosteric site
when a substance has a shape that fits the active sit and it competes with the substrate and blocks it from binding to the active sitecompetitive inhibition
when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric siteallosteric inhibitor
when the enzyme shape is distorted to where it cannot function but the substrate can still bind (just can't catalyze)noncompetitive inhibition
the process of breaking down sugar and making ATPcellular respiration
the way sugar is made in autotrophsphotosynthesis
energy units of sunlightphotons
first step of photosynthesis that produces ATP and NADPHlight reactions
the second step of photosynthesis that produces carbohydratesdark reactions (Calvin Cycle)
fluid-filled region in the membrane of chloroplaststroma
structures inside the stroma that look like stacks of coinsgrana
pigments that are clustered in the thylakoid membrane into units called antenna complexeschlorophyll a/b and cartoenoids
pigments that gather light and pounce energy to the reaction centerantenna pigments
a type of reaction center that absorbs P680photosystem II (PS II)
a type of reaction center that absorbs P700photosystem I (PS I)
when light energy is used to make ATPphotophosphorylation
shows how well a certain pigment absorbs electromagnetic radiationabsorption spectrum
gives information on which wavelengths are emitted by a pigmentemission spectrum
the process in which water is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electronsphotolysis
when CO2 in the air is converted into carbohydratescarbon fixation
a wasteful process that uses ATP and O2 to produce more CO2 but no sugarsphotorespiration
plants in hot climates deal by temporally separating carbon fixation and the Calvin CycleCAM plants
plants in hot climates that perform CO2 fixation in a different area of the leafC4 plants
when ATP is made in the presence of oxygenaerobic respiration
when ATP is made without oxygen presentanaerobic respiration
the pumping of ions and diffusion of ions to create ATPchemiosmosis
hydrogen ions can diffuse across the inner membrane by passing throughATP synthase