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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

QuestionAnswer
participate in cellular divisions and movementmicrotubule
used to study detailed structures of a cell that cannot be easily seen or observed by light microscopyelectron microscopes
the genetic material found free in the cell in a prokaryotenucleoid
the protective outer layer found on prokaryotescell wall
composed of a semipermeable phospholipid bilayerplasma membrane
long projections used to mobilityflagella
thick area outside the cell wall for extra protection (prokaryotes)capsule
specialized structures within a living cellorganelles
hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inwards and the hydrophilic phosphate head face outwards allowing movement through the membranephospholipid bilayer
proteins located on the inner or outer surface of the membrane (loose association)peripheral proteins
amphipathic proteins firmly bound to the plasma membraneintegral proteins
integral proteins that extend all the way through the membranetransmembrane proteins
each layer of phospholipids is flexible and peppered with different proteins and carbohydrate chainsfluid-mosaic model
form junctions between adjacent cellsadhesion proteins
serve as docking sites for arrivals at the cell (ex. hormones)receptor proteins
form pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across the membranetransfer proteins
form channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or moleculeschannel proteins
markers exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion (ex. glycoproteins)cell-surface markers
found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane attached to proteinscarbohydrate-side chain
largest organelle in the cell and is responsible for the cell's ability to reproducenucleus
carries genetic information and the organization for DNAchromosomes
the location in the nucleus where the rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is made and ribosomes are assemblednucleolus
the site of protein synthesis- manufacture all the proteins required by the cell or secreted by the cellribosome
a continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm and provides mechanical support while aiding in intracellular transportendoplasmic reticulum
region attached to the nuclear and studded with ribosomes which compartmentalize the cell and proteins are trafficked across the cellrough er
region of the ER that lacks ribosomes and makes lipids, hormones, steroids, and breaks down toxic chemicalssmooth er
participate in the processing of proteins by modifying, sorting, and packingGolgi complex
the packaging that golgis use to carry products to the plasma membranevesicles
responsible for converting energy from organic molecules into useful cellular energymitochondria
the most common energy molecule in the celladenosine triphosphate
inner mitochondrial membrane folds that separate the innermost area from the intermembrane spacecristae
composed of a semipermeable phospholipid bilayerplasma membrane
the genetic material found free in the cell in a prokaryotenucleoid
responsible for carrying digestive enzymes which are sued to break down organelles, debris, or large ingested particleslysosomes
small, cylindrical structures the produce microtubules to pull replicated chromosome apart during divisioncentrioles
microtubule production center for eukaryotic cellsmicrotubule organizing centers (MTOCs)
long projections used to mobilityflagella
fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigmentsvacoules
organelles that detoxify various substances and produce hydrogen peroxide as a biproductperoxisomes
a network of protein fiberscytoskeleton
participate in cellular divisions and movementmicrotubules
structures composed of actin that provide structure, shape, and flexibilitymicrofilliments
a proteins that composes microtubulestubulin
hairlike structure on a mainly single cell organism that allows movementcilia
protist single cell organism that utilizes flagellaeuglena
single-celled protist which is covered in cilia for movementparamecium
a principle component of an arthropod's exoskeleton and composition for a fungi's cell wallchitin
contain chlorophyll which is the light-capturing pigment that gives plants a green colorchloroplast
takes up most of the cytoplasm of a plant to allow efficiencycentral vacuole
contained the central vacuole when the plant is maturecell sap
depends upon proteins that act as tunnels in the membranefacilitated transport
water specific channels that allow facilitated transportaquaporins
diffusion for a hydrophobic molecule or small non-polar molecules through the membranesimple diffusion
any time that the help of channel-type protein is used for diffusionfacilitated diffusion
form channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or moleculeschannel proteins
anytime a substance is moving by diffusion as there is no outside energy required to power the movementpassive transport
the diffusion of water and the water always goes from less solutes area to moreosmosis
the term used to describe osmotic gradientstonicity
markers exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion (ex. glycoproteins)cell surface markers
found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane attached to proteinscarbohydrate side chain
solute concentration is the same both inside and outisotonic
more total dissolved solutes than the cellhypertonic
has less total dissolved solutes than the cellhypotonic
the measure of potential energy in water that describes the eagerness of water to flow from and area of high to low water potential - affected by pressure potential and solute potentialwater potential
movement against the nature flowactive transport
ushers out three Na+ ions and bring in two K+ ionssodium-potassium pump
the cell membrane forms a pocket, pinches in, and eventually forms and vacuole or a vesicleendocytosis
the cell ingests liquids ("drinking pina colada's")pinocytosis
the cell takes in solidsphagocytosis
involves cell surface receptors that work in tandem with endocytic pitsreceptor-mediated endocytosis
protein that lines endocytic pitsclathrin
one-way movement of fluids brought about by pressurebulk flow
the diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membranedialysis
cell ejects waste products or specific secretion products by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membraneexocytosis