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level: Level 1 of Musculoskeletal

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Musculoskeletal

QuestionAnswer
How many bones are there in an adult?206 bones
Functions of Skeletal System: 1Protects the internal tissue & organs
Functions of Skeletal System: 2Stabilizes and supports the body
Functions of Skeletal System: 3Provides surface for muscles, ligaments & tendon attachement
Functions of Skeletal System: 4Moves through level of action when contracted procedure process, hematopoiesis
Functions of Skeletal System: 5Stores minerals, 99% of the body's calcium
Functions of Skeletal System: 1-5congratulations
Produces RBG in the bone marrowhematopoiesis
Functions of the muscles (three main)Supports the body Permits movement Produces body heat
Techniques in doing Physical Examination in Musculoskeletal (3 common)1. Inspection 2. Palpation 3. Range of motion
basic equipments used in doing Physical Examination in Musculoskeletal:1. Tape measures 2. Goniometer
Common reason why patient seek medical help related to skeletal problemsoccurrence of Physical Accident
Terms related to examining Skeletal S.: Refers to the angleAngular
Terms related to examining Skeletal S.: Circle manner; roundCircular
Terms related to examining Skeletal S.: Crackling, grinding sound that can be heard or it can be felt when doing PE (commonly) Sometimes heard in examining patient w/ fracture or some limitation of movements (palpation, ROM)Crepitus
Terms related to examining Skeletal S.: Position of the limbs or of the body as a wholePosture
Terms related to examining Skeletal S.: Total degree of motion of a joint Movement of a jointROM Range of motion
Terms related to examining Skeletal S.: The equality of two sides of the body very important in doing PR to check both arms or sides of the body check for the equality of two sidesSymmetry
Gonio- angle; meter- instrument used to measure Instrument used to measure an angle mostly used by a PT to measure an angle especially in doing ROM way of assessing if there is a limited ROM when a patient conducts or do simple ROM "If there is limited ROM the therapist will be able to make some instructions or to assess properly, how to conduct the therapy base on the measurement of ROMGoniometer
Clinical Manifestations: 1Signs of inflammation
Clinical Manifestations: 1: Signs of inflammation: -facial expression; stated by the patient; painful if gunitan -generalized redness - -feeling of warm especially on the injured sitepain/tenderness Erythema swelling warmth
Clinical Manifestations: 2Stiffness or Limitation of Motion
Clinical Manifestations: 2: Stiffness or Limitation of Motion: -check through doing ??? -ask patient to flex ??? ;but if the patient can only do until 45 degree= limited ang iyang ROM-ROM; -90 degree angle
Clinical Manifestations: 3: lining/ the shape:Contour
Clinical Manifestations: 3: Contour: pertaining to injury to the joint when there is already displacement in the normal relationship of the joints -loss contact with two articular (2 articular between 2 joint)Dislocation
Clinical Manifestations: 3: Contour: minor injury -incomplete or partial dislocation -the bones are still in contactSublimation
Clinical Manifestations: 4 -any deviation from the normal shape, size, alignment resulting from an injury -congenital or acquired injurydeformities
Clinical Manifestations: -crepitatiou -crackling/grinding sound -heard/feltcrepitus
Musculoskeletal injury 5P's: 1: -Location, severity and quality of it -varies from every person -??? rating scalePain
Musculoskeletal injury 5P's: 2: -A feeling o pins and needles -prick the distal phalangeal/portion of the hand or feet or try to hold it and ask the patient if he/she feel the touch -paresthesia is the numbness feelingParesthesia
Musculoskeletal injury 5P's: 3 -weakness in movement especially in the injured site/sideparalysis
Musculoskeletal injury 5P's: -naturally the injured site is pale in colorpallor
Musculoskeletal injury 5P's: -if there is injury there is a decrease rhythmic dilation in the artery -sa injured site, ??? is faint or weakPulse ... pulsation is faint and weak
Distance and direction of movement of a specific joint -consider the limitation of the ??? and the pain in movementROM Range of Motion
-Passive ROM -movement is assisted by external force -assisted by PT because the patient can't move that specific part of her/his bodyPROM
-Active ROM -Patient can voluntarily move or do motion w/out assistanceAROM
closing an angle in a joint -bending movementFlexion
increasing or opening an angle of a jointextension
-extension beyond 180 degree angle -overextension; superextension -increasing a size or extension of a limb or part of the body beyond the normal limit of the ROMHyperextension
upward movement or extension of a foot or a toeDorsiflexion
bending a sole of foot towards the plantar kinto (ambot ****)Plantarflexion
away from the median (body)Abduction
Movement toward the median plane (body)Adduction
Turning of a structure around it's long axis -??? of head is moving it to the left and right mannerRotation
Circular movement from a central point of the body -occurs at freely movable joint -ask patient to stretch an arm then try to make a circular movementCircumduction
Turning upward -palm faces upSupination
Turning down -palm is downPronation
Turning of the sole of the foot upwardEversion
Turning of the foot inwardInversion
Moving a part forward -move head forward/upward w/out moving the bodyprotraction
Moving a part of the body backward -balik ang ulo sa position niyaRetraction
upward movement -shrug shoulderElevation
Downward movement -put shoulder backDepression
is a common source of pain in the shoulder (inflammation?) common affected area is shoulderThe rotator cuff
Rotator cuff (a common source of pain in the shoulder): pain can be a result of: 1: -invokes/affects the tendon and the muscles of the shoulder joint -common sa athlete of sports in frequent used of shouldersRotator Cuff Tendonitis or Tendonitis
Is attached to the muscles and muscles to bones -serves to move a boneTendons
Rotator cuff (a common source of pain in the shoulder): pain can be a result of: 2: -inflammation of the bursa -usually involves the patellar, elbow, hips, heelsBursitis
Is a sac that has fluid found in the joints -reduces friction everytime joints moveBursa
Rotator cuff (a common source of pain in the shoulder): pain can be a result of: 2: Bursitis: patellarProlong kneeling, bending, infection bursitis
Rotator cuff (a common source of pain in the shoulder): pain can be a result of: 2: Bursitis: elbow-frequent gout -increase uric crystals that build up in the body usually sa area -frequent resting of part involved sa hard surface -infection
Rotator cuff (a common source of pain in the shoulder): pain can be a result of: 2: Bursitis: Hips-lying down laterally/side-lying for a long period of time -improper posture -prolong sitting/standing
Rotator cuff (a common source of pain in the shoulder): pain can be a result of: 2: Bursitis: heelrepetitive activities like jumping, running -wearing tight footwear
Special tests Upper extremities: -to determine if patient has a fracture or pain in the shoulder -tell patient to abduct both arms sideways; alternately; 90 degree angle then tell patient to slowly lower the arm of the affected shoulder -positive if fail to slowly lower arm or smoothly lower arm or severe pain and may indicate rotator cuff tear -positive if patient will abruptly lower the arm because of painDrop-Arm Test
Special tests Upper extremities: -Pain w/ rotator cuff tendonitis or -done by PE maneuversImpingement Test (Rotator Cuff)
Special tests Upper extremities: Impingement Test (Rotator cuff): pain is produce by forcefully maximum forward elevation of the arm of (2) extremitiesNeer sign
Special tests Upper extremities: Impingement Test (Rotator cuff): flexing the arm towards the chest the examiner will internally rotate the humerus into 90 degree angle (abduction) -Positive if there is painHawkin's sign
Special tests Vascular & Neurologic Test: 1: -radial/ulnar arteries -checking the patency of the radial and ulnar artery -examiner will press both artery at the same time and patient will be ask to make a clench fist -There will be deprivation of circulation of blood -patient will be asked to open the fist and examiner will release the hold/press and it will be checked if there is a proper return of blood flow -Failure to return pink or red there is a problem on either of the artery.Allen test
pulse aligned w/ thumbRadial artery
Pulse aligned w/ pinky fingerUlnar artery
Special tests Vascular & Neurologic Test: 2: -median nerve -patient is asked to make an inverted prayer hand or volar flexion -to be done for 1 min/60 secs -if patient experience tingling sensation, numbness, pain or paresthesia there is an indicative that the distribution of the median nerve may indicate carpal tunnel syndromePhallen's test
Special tests Vascular & Neurologic Test: 3: -median nerve -tapping on the superficial nerve -distally related to radiating pain or numbness paresthesia due to tapping on the site of superficial nerve -indicative that there is inflammation or irritation of the nerve -carpal tunnel syndromeTinel's Sign
DIPDistal Interphalangeal Joint
PIP Use for grippingProximal interphalangeal Joint
MCP knucklesmetacarpophalangeal Joint
hand bone -fingers meet the handlemetacarpal
wristCarpal
Deformities on the fingers: 1: deformity of a finger caused by a certain finger particularly the extensor flexor is damage -force causes the damage sa finger -unable to strengthen the fingersMallet Finger (Baseball Finger)
Deformities on the fingers: 1: Mallet Finger (Baseball Finger): Symptoms:1. Pain 2. Swollen 3. Bruising 4. Drooping
Deformities on the fingers: 1: Mallet Finger (Baseball Finger): Treatment: 1. Immobilize damage finger -removed if healed 2.Finger splint Surgery use of pins and wires
Deformities on the fingers: 2: -a traumatic injury in the finger -especially patient w/ rheumatoid immune disease (arthritis) -flexed dip joint -hyperextended dip joint cause: due to rheumatoid arthritis treatment: ring splintSwan-neck deformity
Deformities on the fingers: 3: -Caused by injury to tendons/middle joints -rheumatoid A. -Dip hyperextended -Dip joint is flexed treatment: splint- applied o the middle jointBoutonniere deformity
Deformities on the fingers: 1-3Mallet finger (baseball finger) Swan-neck deformity Boutonniere deformity
nodes of the hand: 1,2Heberden's Nodes Bouchard's Nodes
nodes of the hand: 1 (do not interchange w/ callus) -bony projection arising from the bone that develops from a cartilage -no longer than a "pea" -commonly seen as "DIP" joint -and pt w/ osteoarthritisheberden's Nodes
nodes of the hand: -bony projection -common sa osteoarthritis -seen as "DIP" jointBouchard's Nodes
Spinal column: C T L S CCervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral if fused Coccyx if fused
Spinal column: Cervical7 bones
Spinal column: Thoracic12 bones
Spinal column: Lumbar5 bones
Spinal column: Sacral if fused5
Spinal column: Coccyx if fused4
Curvature:Lordosis Kyphosis Scoliosis
Curvature: -inward curve of the lumbar spine (just above the buttocks) -sway backLordosis
Curvature: Lordosis: Causes:Poor posture Obesity Osteoporosis
Curvature: Lordosis: Treatment:medication for pain and swelling PT weight loss braces surgery (last option)
Outward curvature of t he thoracic spine (bako) -"hunchback" or slouching postureKyphotic (kyphosis)
Causes of Kyphosis or kyphotic:-poor posture -aging -muscle weakness of the upper back -slipped discs- injury to spine
Treatment for Kyphosis is:Same as Lordosis: medication for pain and swelling PT weight loss braces surgery (last option)
Curvature: -abnormal sideways curvature of the spine -lateral curvature of spine -S or C shape -to examine, ask patient to bend forward, examiner stay at the back and check deformities -mishaped ribcage, shoulder back protrudeScoliosis
Curvature: Scoliosis: Treatment:-Most people don't need treatment -If curvature worsens on orthopedic brace may be used
Hips and Knees:-inspection and palpation -check contour, symmetry, check deformitie
Is located in the proximal end of femurHip
Palpation of the Hip:-check for tenderness -palpate both knees for any swelling normal is soft if palpated and solid tissues
ROM (hip?)hip flexion, abduction, extension internal and external rotation knees- flexion & extension
Example of Leg deformities: -used measuring tape -there is a distance 2.5 cm between your knees -Knees wide apart, feet ankles are almost together when standing straightGenovarum (bowleg)
Example of Leg deformities: Genovarum: causes:-position inside mothers womb -abnormal bone development -fracture -rickets disease
Example of Leg deformities: -opposite ra sa isa -knees are near -feet or ankle 2.5 cm apartgenovalgum (knock knee)
Example of Leg deformities: Genovalgum (knock knee): cause:-injury to the shin bone -osteomlyelities- inflammation of the bone -overweight or obesity -rickets disease
Ankles and feet: check for:-swelling, redness, and nodules -edema by pinching or pressing skin -callus - -localized swelling -clavus, ingrowned toe nails and plantar warts
ROM of Ankle: Dorsiflexion:20 degree angle normal
ROM of Ankle: Plantarflexion:45 degree angle normal
ROM sa feet: Inversion:45 degree angle (normal)
ROM sa feet: eversion:40 degree angle (normal)
measure the leg incase you see the patient or suspect that one leg is ??? -difference of more than ??? or ??? is abnormal... one leg is longer; 3/8 or 1 cm
abbreviation: ADLActivities of Daily Living
abbreviation: AEAbove Elbow
abbreviation: AKAbove Knee
abbreviation: BKBelow knee
abbreviation: CCervical Vertebra (C1-C7)
abbreviation: DJDDegenerative Joint Disease
abbreviation: EMG:Electromyography (recording of the muscles)
abbreviation: FxFracture
abbreviation: NSAIDnonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
abbreviation: OAosteoarthritis
abbreviation: ORIFOpen Reduction and Internal Fixation (a procedure) of the bone
abbreviation: OToccupational therapy
abbreviation: RArheumatoid arthritis
abbreviation: TThoracic vertebrae (1-12)
abbreviation: THATotal Hip Arthroplasty- total hip surgical repair of the joint
abbreviation: TKAtotal knee arthroplasty
abbreviation: TMStemperomandibular joint
abbreviation: Txtreatment