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level: video discussion

Questions and Answers List

level questions: video discussion

QuestionAnswer
reason for seeking care:Chest pain Palpitations (anxious, stress) cough shortness of breath (exertion, lying down, at night) cyanosis or pallor weakness/fatigue unexpected weight changes swelling of the extremities dizziness headache high or low blood pressure pain in extremities
A feeling or sensation of own's heartbeat could be due to: strenous activities excessive intake of caffeine alcohol use nicotine (tobacco, cigarette) electrolyte (imbalances) stress lack of sleep dehydration hormonal changespalpation
Assessing the heart: pain: consider the:location radiation nature/characteristics
Assessing the heart: shortness of breath on excertion abv. soboc difficulty in breathing due on just by doing simple activities relieve by restingDyspnea on excertion Sudden dyspnea without reason, patient may need to seek medical treatment
Assessing the heart: Shortness of breath/difficulty breathing when the patient is lying down relieve by sitting, standing or putting 2-3 pillows in the backorthopnea
Assessing the heart: difficulty breathing that occurs at night during sleeping causing disturbance of sleep could be respiratory or circulatory condition obstructive sleep apnea is already a condition that can cause the PNDParoxysmal Norcturnal Dyspnea (PND)
Palpitations: trigger by a temporary or sudden blood drop in the brain loss of oxygenated blood in the brain leads loss of consciousness and lose of muscle contractionlight-headedness (near syncope) fainting (syncope)
Inspection and palpation: general appearance: body build: true or false: you judge the patient by her physical appearance.false, do not judge the patient, must obtain BMI
Inspection and palpation: face: yellowish patch in the inner erelids makita usually sa elderly patient due tot he increase of cholesterol levelxanthelesma (a type of xanthoma)
Inspection and palpation: face: makita sa cornea it is a half circle of gray, white, (I dunno, visible?) color deposit in the outer edge of the cornea wovet, increased cholesterol and fats it will occur the whole outer edges of cornea seen/common in elderly patientarcus senilis
Inspection and palpation: edema:check the extremities of the patient
Inspection and palpation: clubbing:due to decrease of O2 level in the tissue
Inspection and palpation: quick test on the nail bed used to check the circulatory as well as check if the patient is dehydrated depending on the amount of blood flow going to the tissue apply pressure to the nailbeds then check if it pales/blanches then release pressure then observe the blood return from being pale/blance it will turn pink to red observe the time maximum of 2 secondsDecreased CRT (capillary refill time)
Inspection and palpation: palpation of heart borders or boundaries:aortic area pulmonic area both left ventricular area (you can keme keme & vibration) sternoclavicular area
Inspection and palpation: palpation of heart borders or boundaries: palpable buzzing sensation vibrationthrills
Inspection and palpation: palpation of heart borders or boundaries: strong outward thrust of the chest wall poundingheave
Two fatty elements inside the bodycholesterol triglycerides
waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body our body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vit. D, and substances that help you digest foodscholesterol
are a type of fat (lipid)found in your blood that: stores unused/extra calories and provide your body w/ energytriglyceride
Three types of cholesterol: High-density lipoprotein good cholesterol carries/flushing out LDL protects against heart attacks & strokeHDL
Three types of cholesterol: Low-density lipoprotein bad cholesterol- builds up in the blood vesselsLDL
Three types of cholesterol:HDL LDL VLDL
Athero- plaque, sclerosis- hardening accumulation of fatty deposits in the lining of the artery hardening of the artery due to build up of plaques blood vessels receive injury- our body will compensate by reducing hormones, fibrines, blood-clotting factors- will cause harm to the arterial wallsatherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis risk factors:Dyslipidemia smoking high blood pressure poor diet/inactivity stress family history
Atherosclerosis: risk factors: abnormally high levels of lipoproteins or fats in our blood especially the LDLDyslipidemia
risk factors of atherosclerosis mostly affectscoronary artery
responsible for carrying oxygenated blood around the heart musclesCoronary artery
Involve/block w/ plaques the brain will be affected because it is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the braincarotid artery
Atherosclerosis may develop:thrombosis embolism ischemia
formation of blood clot within the blood vessels the clot or thrombos will interrupt the blood flow to the tissues If there is an interruption to the blood flow it will lead to necrosis or tissue deaththrombosis
blockage due to the thrombos may develop a mass called? will develop if there is an increase blood pressure, turbulence kaayo ang pressure sa blood vessels sa patient, due to the increase turbulent flow of the blood it will loosen the thrombos to the arterial wall it will travel to the blood stream (travelling clot) delikado if mo lodge to other parts especially the coronary artery air (even parenteral administration), other bacterias, and solid materials can cause this plaques will gradually thicken and hardens with material cells and deposits it it will lodge in a certain artery, this will result to restricting or obstructing the opening of the blood vesselsembolism/embolus
Normally, if the blood clot or embolus will restrict the opening of the blood vessel or the lumen of the blood vessels then normally it will reduce the blood flow to the tissue resulting or leading in? localized blocking of blood flow as we get old there is also a degenerative changes in the artery. if there is a sudden obstruction in the artery, it will lead to this.ischemia
If an embolus lodge to the lung it lead to:pulmonary embolus
If an embolus lodge the carotid artery it will block the cerebral vessels then it will lead to: or also known as what?CVA (cerebro vascular accident) or also known as stroke
Ischemia will lead to ??? that leads to deathmyocardial infarction or heart attack
Common symptoms of ischemia:pain- over the heart, upper part of the abdomen -radiate to the jaw, shoulder, arm pallor diaphoresis- excessive sweating nausea dyspnea the pain is burning sensation as described
Diagnostic procedure for MI (myocardial infarction)BCG- electrocardiography measurement of enzymes
If the wall of our artery becomes weak it can stretch and balloon out called? commonly caused by artherosclerosis may be caused by or may cause malformations of arteries due to injury very dangerous once it ruptures and causes hemorrhageAneurysm
Layers of artery:intima media adventitia
Other names of aneurysm:aortic aneurysm brain aneurysm cerebral aneurysm- rupture of cerebral artery, causes stroke peripheral aneurysm thoracic artery aneurysm
common sites for aneurysmabdominal carotid artery
Dissecting aneurysm: common emergency/ surgical care is:grafting
Types of aneurysmsaccular aneurysm- (ball/circle-shaped/round) fussiform aneurysm ruptured aneurysm- the most dangerous
abnormally high blood pressurehypertension
normal blood pressure120/80
is a force asserted by the blood against the wall of our blood vesselsblood pressure
device used to measure blood pressuresphygmomanometer
Types of hypertension:essential hypertension secondary hypertension
Types of hypertension: primary hypertension does not develop over time it is sometimes the genetic inheritedEssential hypertension
Types of hypertension: caused by other conditions such as kidney diseases or etc. lifestyle side effects of medicationssecondary hypertension
Heart disease: a result of atherosclerosis of the blood vessels, hardening of the plaque in the coronary artery diagnosed using ECG; studies the apical impulse in the heartCoronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Heart disease: Coronary heart disease: doing an exercise, there is an electrode place in the chest of the patient to monitor the heartbeat or the heart functionstress test
Heart disease: Coronary heart disease: recording/imaging of the coronary artery/arteriesCoronary angiography
Heart disease: Coronary heart disease: using the ultrasound narrowing of the lumen at one or more of the coronary arteries, usually due to atherosclerosisechocardiography
Heart disease: Coronary heart disease: Common symptoms:chest pain/angina pectoris- crushing disphoresis dypnea
Heart disease: Coronary heart disease: treated by:controlled exercise medications- nitroglycerin
Heart disease: Coronary heart disease: treatment:Angioplasty/PTCA CABG
Heart disease: Coronary heart disease: treatment: minimally invasive procedure that opens blocked coronary arteries to improve blood flow tot he heart using catheter to dilate the blockage introducing a balloon that serves to widen the area (inflate; deflate)[Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty] Angioplasty/PTCA
Heart disease: irregularity of heart rate or heart rhythm a higher or lower average heart rate (bradycardia, tachycardia) ECG extra beats alteration in the patterns of the heartarrhythmia
normal heart rate60/100 bpm
Electrical coronation system: chords of fibrous tissue called?chordae tendineae
Electrical coronation system: Where the impulse stimulates ventricular contractionPurkinje fibers
Heart disease: Arrhythmia: treatment: restoration of a normal heart rhythm may use a drug or electro current patch place in the chest and it will slowly give electric current to the headcardioversion
Heart disease: Arrhythmia: treatment: introduces/sends an electric shock to the heart stop fibrillationdefibrillation
Heart disease: Arrhythmia: treatment: implanted to the chest to regulate heart beat upper chamber can be removed if the heartbeat becomes regulated/normalartificial pacemaker
Heart disease: Arrhythmia: treatment: implanted under the skin a device that tracks the heart rate and the rhythm sends shock to the heartimplantable converter defibrillator (ICD)
Heart disease: Arrhythmia: treatment: portable device that records 24 hours the ECG of the heart place in the chest could be brought at homeHolter monitor
refers to any condition in which the heart fails to empty effectively/pump effectively causes: CAD, HP, diabetes, heart valve problems Signs and symptoms: Edema (pulmonary edema) cyanosis dyspnea syncope treated with: rest drugs to strengthen heart contractions diuretics restrict salty foodsheart failure
Infection w/ group A streptococcus that permanently damages the heart valvesRheumatic heart Failure (RFA)
Prolapsing in the mitral valve- dli na gaclose properly that leads to backflow repeated infection surgical valve replacementRheumatic Heart Disease (RHO)