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level: Level 1 of GI tract

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of GI tract

QuestionAnswer
• Ba-Barium
• Be-Barium Enema
• BM-Bowel Movement
• BS-Bowel Sound
• Ca-Cancer
• CBD-Common Bile Duct
• EGD-Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
• ERCP-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholanigiopancreatography
• ESWL-Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
• FBS-Fasting Blood Sugar
• GERD-Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• GI-Gastrointestinal
• GTT-Glucose Tolerance Test
• HAV-Hepatitis A Virus
• HBV-Hepatitis B Virus
• HCV-Hepatitis C Virus
• HDV-Hepatitis D Virus
• HEV-Hepatitis E Virus
• IBD-Irritable Bowel Disease
• IBS-Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• NG-Nasogastric
• N&V-Nausea & Vomiting
• N/V/D-Nausea/Vomiting/Diarrhea
• PEG-Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
• Ponv-Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
• TPN-Total Parenteral Nutrition
• UGI-Upper Gastrointestinal
Clinical Aspects:1. Scars/lesions/rashes- take note the location and measurement 2. Stretch Marks (Striae) 3. Gastrointestinal Tracts a. Infections b. Ulcer c. CAncer d. Obstruction (hernia) 4. Appendicitis 5. Diverticulitis 6. Inflammatory Bowel Diseaase
Irregular, atrophic linear bands of skin Over strecthing of our collagen in the skin. Commonly seen after pregnancy delivery, patients whoo are obese who tried diet, No cure.Stretch Msrks (Striae)
Stretch Msrks (Striae): Location:Hips, breasts, thigh, buttocks, abdomen and flank
Stretch Msrks (Striae): Treatments:1. creams, gels, lotions - lessen the color 2. Laser therapy 3. Cosmetic surgery (abdominoplasty)
Inflammation of the stomach & intestines It may be caused by virus, norovirus, bacterial or E.coli due to contaminated water. E.coli can also spread from person to person. Some are caused by salmonella infection it came from foods that are cooked raw or uncooked meat.Infection: Gastroenteritis
Common Stomach Upsets:Nausea Diarrhea Emesis
Common Stomach Upsets: Unwanted feelilng, motion sicknessNausea
Common Stomach Upsets: discharge of watery stoolsDiarrhea
Common Stomach Upsets:VomitingEmesis
Can survived in acidic environment caused by: - gastric or peptic juices- damages our tissues and sometimes it causes inflammation to our tissue. Mostly affected in the stomach and duodenum. -Helicobacter pylori other causes: -coffee -tobacco -alcohol drinksPeptic Ulcer
Peptic Ulcer: Diagnosis:-Endoscopy -Barium swallow
Visualization inside the body a diagnosis in peptic ulcerendoscopy
a procedure done to the patient where a tube is being inserted inside the anus with a solution in it to view the structure of the abdomen.Barium swallow
Peptic Ulcer symptoms:Epigastric Pain Heartburn
Cancer: Common sites:colon Rectum Colorectal
Cancer: Causes:1. Diet- low fiber diet and high fat 2. Heredity 3. Colitis 4. Colon polyp
Is an abnormal tissue growthPolyp
Means blockage of the flow of digestive fluids from small intestine to large intestine. Usually caused by hernia or volvulusintestinal obstruction
Is the protrusion or bulges of a part or structure throug the tissue normally containing it.Hernia
Causes of Hernia:1. Overweight 2. Pregnancy 3. Lifting, carrying or even pushing heavy object 4. Straining on the toilet 5. Persistent coughing
The most common type of hernia and appears in the abdomen and groin are. The intestinal tissue will push through the weakiest point of the abdominal wall. usually seen on men. No actual symptoms but may lead to chest pain, dysphagia or reflux.Inguinal hernia
Treatment of herniaHerniorrhaphy
A condition tha affects our gastrointestinal tract. Narrowing of the pylorusPyloric stenosis
Other (types or forms of) obstruction: There is slipping or a passage of a segment of the intestine into another distal part of the intestine. Usually affects small & large intestine. Unknown cause in children but for adult, it may be due to tumor.Intussusception "telescoping"
Other (types or forms of) obstruction: The twisting of the intestine. In children it happens if there is malnutrition of the intestine. In adult, the problem is the enlargement of the colon, narrowing of the intestine and chronic constipation.volvulus
Other (types or forms of) obstruction: Is caused by lack of peristalsis (wave-like muscle contraction), without peristalsis we can not move the food to the different processing station of the digestive tract. Another cause of this one is also the side effects of surgery.Ileus
Other (types or forms of) obstruction: A varicose veins in the rectum usually associated by pain and bleeding. Dilated veins above or below the anus. Two types of hemorrhoids: INTERNAL (painless but there is bleeding) & EXTERNAL (with pain and bleeding)Hemorrhoids
Causes of hemorrhoids:-Constipation/Straining -Prolonged sitting -Chronic diarrhea -Obesity -Anal intercourse -Diet
Abdominal distention: causes:1. Fat (Obesity) 2. Flatus 3. Fetus (Pregnant 4. Fluid (ascitis)
Abdominal distention: causes: 1: Apron-like abdomen. Lift the folds when you examine.Fat (obesity)
Abdominal distention: causes: 2: gaseous distention is due to excessive intestinal gas. Caused by excessive chewing of bubblegum, drinking soft drinks using a strawFlatus
Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: Is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of body weight.Anorexia or otherwise known as Anorexia Nervosa
Abdominal distention: Anorexia: Types:Restricting Binge eating and purging
Abdominal distention: Anorexia: Types: not eating at allRestricting
Abdominal distention: Anorexia: Types: always eating but after a while she/he will vomitBinge eating and purging
Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: is the pain that is felt in the part of the trunk below the ribs (xiphoid process) and above the pelvis (symphysis pubis)Abdominal pain
Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types:Generalized Localized Crapmping Colicky
Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types: (Virus or indigestion) from xiphoid to symphysis pubisGeneralized
Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types: (problem is an organLocalized
Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types:(gas or bloating)cramping
Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types: (severe, starts and ends suddenly) ex. Kidney stone and gallstoneColicky
Is the difficulty to pass stool or infrequent bowel movement.Constipation
Considered constipated:Straining during bowel movement Hard stools Incomplete evacuation Two or fewer bowel movements in a week
It is abnormal frequency or urgency of discharge loose watery stool.Diarrhea
Causes of diarrhea:1. Virus, bacteria, parasites 2. Medications 3. Lactose Intolerance 4. Other digestive disorders
Difficulty swallowing. Sign that there is a problem with throat. Common patients with Parkinson's disease The muscles and nerves that help move food through the throat and esophagus are not working right Concern: -Pain in swallowing -Slow movement of food -Drooling -GaggingDysphagia
The muscles and nerves that help move food through the throat and esophagus are not working right. they may also primarily cause dysphagia they may be caused by:1. Stroke, brain or spinal cord injury 2. Nervous system problems 3. Esophageal spasms 4. Any blockage in throat or esophagus
Forcible voluntary or involuntary emptying (:throwing up") at stomach contents through the mouthVomiting or Emesis
Causes of vomiting or Emesis: 1: Shorter periods:food poisoning, gastric, ulcer
Causes of vomiting or Emesis: 2: Longer periods:food poisoning, bacterial or viral infection
Accumuolation of large lump of dry hardened stool in the rectum or sigmoid colon Caused by: Long time constipation medicationfecal impaction
Inability to control bowel movements, causing stool (feces) to leak unexpectedly from the rectum Caused by: diarrhea Muscle and nerve damagd (ex. Aging)Fecal inconfinence
Burning sensation in your chest, and throat particularly in the epigastrium, this happens when stomach acid backs up into your esophagus, the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach Triggered by: 1. Certain foods 2. Alcohol 3. Medications 4. Obesity 5. StressHeartburn
Vomiting of blood or mix with food that we eat Caused by: -esophagus irritation -nosebleeds -ulcer, gastritis -hepatitis, cirrhosis, pancreatic cancerHematemesis
blood in stool in bright red color Caused by: 1. Colitis 2. Peptic ulcer 3. Polyp cancer 4. Anal fissure (ulceration of anal canal)Hematochezia
the skin and white of the eyes look yellow due to too much bilirubin.Jaundice
Persistent eating of substances that have no nutritional value. Patient who have this disorder will have an iron deficiencyPica
passage of fat in large amount in the feces Characteristics: Pale, bulky, and malodorous stool Signs and symtptoms: -melena- black tarry stool: clay-like -Nausea -polyphagia (excessive hunger and eating) -polydipsia (excessive thirst)Steatorrhea
A radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate into the rectum.Barium enema
A rediographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barrium sulfate. (also called upper GI series)Barium swallow
A non-surgial procedure used for visual examination of a cavity or canal using an endoscope (a specialized lighted instrument)Endoscopy
Two types of endoscopy:Upper GI Endoscopy also knokwn as EGS (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy) Lower GI Endoscopy
Two types of endoscopy: Upper GI Endoscopy also knokwn as EGS (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)Looking inside the upper digestive tract- the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy) and the first part of the small intestine called duodenum (duodenoscopy).
Two types of endoscopy: Lower GI EndoscopyLooking inside the colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy)
Also known as hemoccult test. This test is performed on feces using reagent gum guiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not visible on visual inspection.stool guiac
A procedure of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomachGavage
Washing out of a cavity, irrigationLavage
Is a tube insertion into the stomach for a long-term feedingPEG (percutaneous endoscopic gasstrostomy):
Complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take in food Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)Parenteral hyperalimentation
A surgical procedure that treat morbid obesity commonly used of this type of surgeries are: -vertical banded gastroplasy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypassBariatric surgery
A procedure done to eliminate a stone within the urinary sytem or gallbladder by crushing the stone surgically or using a non-invasive method such as ESWL (Extracorporeal shockwave Lithotripsy). An ultrasound is used to locate the stone or stones and monitor their destruction.Lithotripsy
Insertion of nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach. It is used to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, gastric secretions, or food. It is also used to instill medication, food, or fluids or obtain a specimen for laboratory examinations.Nasogastric intubation
Drugs: Agent that counteracts acidityAntacid
Drugs: Prevents and treats diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility, absorbing irritants, and soothing the intestinal liningAntidiarrheal
Drugs: agents that relieves or prevents nausea and vomitingamtiemetic
Drugs: agent that prevents or relieves flatulenceAnti-flatulent
Drugs: agent that relieves spasmanti-spasmodic
Drugs: An agent that causes vomitingEmetic
Drugs: Promotes elimination from the large intestine. its types includes: -hyperosmotics, stool softeners, stimulants, and bulk-forming agents.Laxative
Drugs: This drug reduces or decreases the secretion of stomach acid by interfering with the action of histamine at H2 receptorsHistamine H2 antagonists