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level: Lecture 5

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Lecture 5

QuestionAnswer
Who discovered the first antibiotic?Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 but it wasn't used for treatment at the time
Talk about sulfadrugsFirst drugs to be used by pharmaceuticals, they are chemically synthetic medications.
When was penicillin first used as an antibiotic?12 years after fleming, but since 30s alot of drug resistance among bacteria had occured.
Talk about natural antibiotics.they are antibiotics produced by microbes. All these microbes have sporulation process, and anitbiotics are produced after we gather those microbes, purify the antibiotic and make it into a medication Usually these microbes are not harmful so we can use them for good, but bacteria will gain resistance against this antibiotic.
List the antibiotic types.Narrow spectrum (works on few bacteria, 1 or 2) Broad Spectrum (destroy a lot of types of bacteria)
Talk about superinfections.When we do suppression by taking excessive antibiotics bacteria may take advantage to create a new very strong infection (example Candida sitting on 1 chair and E coli on 99 , death of E coli leads to multiplying Candida and thus superinfection) so we should use antibiotics carefully and not excessively
Talk about porinsbig channels for gram - bacteria some antibiotics are too big to fit through the pores so these bacteria will be resistant to these antibiotics. (vancomycin for example)
What is the addition effect of antibiotics?medication X five 20% recovery and Y gives 30% and both together will give 50%
What is the synergic effect of antibiotics?Medication X gives 20% and Y gives 30% and both together give 70% (amplifying collective effect)
What is indifference effect?The two medications do not affect each other (same percentages)
What is antagonism?One inhibits the other.
What do we mean by bactericidal?kill bacteria irreversibly
What do we mean by bacteriostatic?Growth will stop but bacteria still alive
What do we mean by bacterial resistance?Inability for bacteria to be inhibited or destroyed by an antibiotic So if a bacteria cannot inhibit the growth of bacteria or destroy it we call it resistant But at a level tolerated by host (if we use it in high amounts it might kill our body)
Talk about resistance acquisition.Horizontal transmission during binary fission, transmitted not in a predicitable way and may dissipate (disappear) Chromosomally mediated (for example porins of gram- bacteria against vancomycin) Plasmid mediated (unevenly distributed after replication) Plasmid mediated through transposition (most dangerous so vertical transmission)
What do we mean by MDR and PDR?multiple drug resistant antibiotics and pan drug resistant (all drugs)
Give an example on resistance of bacteria.Staph aureus releasing beta lactamase so beta lactams cannot act on it, including penicillin G (plasmid mediated) Porin in gram - angainst vancomycin efflux pump affinity to antibiotics sending them outside the cell
What are the modes of actions of antibiotics?They act on cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, cell membrane function, nucleic acid synthesis, and metabolic pathways