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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

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What is Pharmaceutical Sciences?A dynamic and interdisciplinary field that aims to integrate fundamental principles of physical and organic chemistry, engineering, biochemistry, and biology to understand how to optimize delivery of drugs to the body and translate this integrated understanding into new and improved therapies Important points: Integrate fundamental principles of physical and organic chemistry, engineering, biochemistry, and biology Understand how to optimize delivery of drugs to the body and translate this understanding into new and improved therapies
What is Physical Pharmacy?Area of pharmacy dealing with quantitative and theoretical principles of physicochemical science as they apply to the practice of pharmacy Integrates knowledge of mathematics, physics and chemistry and applies them to the pharmaceutical dosage form development.
What is the help of Physical Pharmacy course?leads to proper understanding of subsequent courses in Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology. Aided the pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists to predict the solubility, stability, compatibility and biologic action of drug products.
Procardia XLSimilar appearance to a conventional tablet Semi-permeable membrane surrounding an osmotically active drug core divided in 2 layers : active & push layers Fluid from GIT increases pressure in the osmotic layer and “push” against the drug layer Designed to provide constant rate over 24 hrs Inert components remain intact during GI transit and eliminated in the feces
Patient Counselling on XL tabletsDo not crash, chew or break Swallow the tablet whole with a glass of water Tablet form found in stool may be the outer shell of the tablet only Eventually, outer shell of the depleted tablet passes out through feces
Pharmacists must be able to translate the complex scientific principle to a __simple, practical and useful recommendation for a patient
It gives an accuracy of a number Useful for indicating the precision of a resultSIGNIFICANT FIGURES
a deviation from the absolute value or from the true average of a large number of resultsError
2 types of errorDeterminate (constant) Indeterminate (random or accidental)
What are constant errors and random/ accidental errorsconstant or determinate errors can be avoided, determined or corrected Random or indeterminate errors occurs by accident or by chance
In a chemical analysis, the results of a series of tests will yield a random pattern around an average or central value, known asMean
Usually present in each measurement and affect all observations of a series in the same wayConstant errors ex. Errors in calibration, in weighing operations Impurities in the reagents and drugs, in matching colors Personal Errors such as in pouring and mixing, Reading of meniscus, in calculations, etc. Change of volume of solutions with temperature
Reducing determinate errors in analytic work1. By using a calibrated apparatus 2. Using blanks and controls 3. Using several different analytic procedures and apparatus 4. Eliminating impurities-ex.filtration. purification 5. Carrying out the experiment under varying conditions 6. In manufacturing, eliminate errors by calibrating the weights and apparatus and by checking results and calculations with other workers.
Random errors also occur in filling a number of capsules with a drug, the finished products show a definite __ in weightvariation
These are errors arising from random fluctuations in temperature or other external factors Variations in reading instruments Can be determined and corrected by careful analysis and refinement of techniques on the part of the workerPSEUDOACCIDENTAL OR VARIABLE DETERMINATE ERRORS
How to reduce Pseudo accidental or variable determinate errors1. Control the conditions through use of constant temperature baths or ovens 2. Use of buffers. (resist changes in pH) 3. Maintenance of constant humidity and pressure where indicated 4. Careful reading of fractions of units on graduates, balances and other apparatus