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level: Level 1 of Drug Administration

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Drug Administration

QuestionAnswer
A basic nursing function that involves skillful technique and consideration of the patient's development and safety.Medication administration
Common terms: is substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease.Medication
Common terms: A written for the preparation and administration of a drugPrescription
Common terms: Is given before a drug becomes officialGeneric name
Common terms: The name under which is is listed in one of the official publicationsOfficial name
Common terms: The name given by the drug manufacturerChemical name
Common terms: The name given by the manufacturerBrand name/Trade name
Common terms: The study of the effects of drugs on living organismPharmacology
Common terms: The study of dosage or amount of drugs given in the treatment of diseasePosology
Common terms: The art of preparing, compounding, dispensing drugPharmacy
Common terms: A person licensed to prepare and dispense drugs and to make up prescriptionsPharmacist
medications for patients must be ordered by licensed physicians Placing an order for a medication or treatment is known as issuing a?Prescription or Drug Order
Drug order: Must contain:Patient's full name Date Drug name Route of administration Dose Duration of the order Signature of the prescriber
Types of Medication Orders:Stat order Standing order PRN order
Types of Medication Orders: Generally used in emergency basis The drug is to be administered as soon as possible but only once. Ex. Diazepam 10 mg IV statStat order
Types of Medication Orders: Medication is to be given for a specified number of doses May also indicate that the drug is to be administered until discontinued at a later date. Ex. Cefazolin 1g q 6 h x 4 dosesStanding order
Types of Medication Orders: Standing order: Kinds of standing order: 1. OD - once a day a.) 8 a.m./6 a.m. b.) 8 p.m./- h.s.White ticket
Types of Medication Orders: Standing order: Kinds of standing order: 2. B.I.D. - twice a day; 2x/day 8 a.m.-6 p.m.Yellow ticket
Types of Medication Orders: Standing order: Kinds of standing order: 3. T.I.D. - thrice a day; 3x/day 8 a.m.-1 p.m. -6 p.m.Pink ticket
Types of Medication Orders: Standing order: Kinds of standing order: 4. Q.I.D. - four times a day; 4x/day 8 a.m. - 12 nn - 4 p.m. - 8 p.m.Blue ticket
Types of Medication Orders: Standing order: Kinds of standing order: 5. Every 4h 12 mn, 4 am, 8 am, 12 nn, 4 pm, 8 amGreen ticket
Types of Medication Orders: Standing order: Kinds of standing order: 6. Every 6 hours 12 mn, 6 am, 12 nn, 6 pmOrange ticket
Types of Medication Orders: Standing order: Kinds of standing order: 7. Every 8 hrs. 12 - 8 - 4Pink ticket
Types of Medication Orders: Standing order: Kinds of standing order: 8 Every 12 hrs. 12 - 12Dunno what ticket
Types of Medication Orders: Administer as needed Allows the nurse to judge when the medication should be administered based on the patient's needs Red ticketPRN order
11 Rights of medications:5 Traditional rights 6 Additional rights
11 Rights of medications: 5 Traditional rights:Right client/ patient Right drug Right dose Right time Right route
11 Rights of medications: 6 Additional rights:Right approach Right assessment Right documentation Right to client education Right evaluation/ Response Right to refuse
8 rights: Checks the name on the order and the patient. used 2 identifiers: Ask patient to identify himself/herself When available, use technology (for example, bar-code system).Right patient
8 rights: Checks the medication label Checks the doctor's orderright medication
8 rights: Checks the order Confirm appropriateness of the dose using a current drug reference. If necessary, calculate the dose and have another nurse calculate the dose as well.Right dose
8 rights: Again, checks the order and appropriateness of the route ordered. Confirms that the patient can take or receive the medication by the ordered routeRight route
8 rights: Checks the frequency of the ordered medication. Double-checks that you are giving the ordered dose at the correct time. Confirms when the last dose was givenRight time
8 rights: Patients Drug allergies or food The expected actions, dose range, side effects and any precaution to be taken. The developmental stage of the infant/child/adolescent patient. Any alterations in the patients condition or functional status which interferes with their physical capacity to take medications Example: inability to take oral meds. The child and family's level of understanding and knowledge of each medication. (Right to client education)Right Assessment
8 rights: Documents administration AFTER giving the ordered medication. Charts the time, route, and any other specific information as necessary. For example, the site of an injection or any laboratory value or vital sign that needed to be checked before giving the drug.Right documentation
8 rights: Confirms the rationale for the ordered medication. What is the patient's history? Why is he/she taking this medication? Revisit the reasons for long-term medication use.Right reason
8 rights: Makes sure that the drug led to the desired effect. If an antihypertensive was given, has his/her blood pressure improved? Does the patient verbalize improvement in depression while on an antidepressant? Be sure to document your monitoring of the patient and any other nursing interventions that are applicable.Right response
Route of Administration: Advantages: - Most convenient - Usually less expensive - Safe, does not break skin barrier Disadvantages: - Inappropriate for client with nausea and vomiting - Drugs may have unpleasant taste or odor -Inappropriate if client cannot swallow or is unconsciour - Cannot be used before certain diagnostic test or surgical procedures - Drug may discolor teeth, harm tooth enamel - Drug may irritate gastric mucosa - Drug can be aspirated by serious ill clientsoral
Route of Administration: Oral: Powdered drug compressed into hard small disc; some are readily broken along a scored line. It comprises a mixture of active substances and usually in powder form, pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose.Tablet
Route of Administration: Oral: A drug enclosed in a soluble caseCapsule
Route of Administration: Oral: A solid form, shaped like a capsule, easily swallowedCaplet
Route of Administration: Oral: A finely ground drug or drugs; oval, round or flattened shapePill
Route of Administration: Oral: Flat, round or oval preparation that dissolves & releases a drug when held in the mouthLozenges
Route of Administration: Oral: Tablets that are coated with a substance that enables them to pass through the stomach and into the intestine unchanged contains drug that are destroyed by the acids of the stomach Should not be crushed before administration Do not administer with antacids, milk, or other alkaline substanceEnteric coated
Route of Administration: Oral: Encased substance that is further enclosed with smaller casing to deliver a drug dose on an extended period of time.Time-released capsule/ Sustained-release tablets or capsules/ modified-release
Route of Administration: Oral: B. Liquid: An aqueous solution of sugar often used to disguise unpleasant tasteSyrup
Route of Administration: Oral: B. Liquid: Finely divided, undissolved drugs (e.g., powders for suspension) dispersed in liquidSuspension
Route of Administration: Oral: B. Liquid: Fine droplets of one liquid are dispersed in another liquid to disguise the taste of oil Most creams and lotions are like thisEmulsion
Route of Administration: Oral: B. Liquid: A sweetened and aromatic solution of alcohol used as a vehicle for medical agentsElixir
A drug that is placed under the tongue where it dissolves Advantages: - Same as oral, plus- - Can be administered for local effect - Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream - Ensures greater drug potency Disadvantage: - If swallowed, drug can be inactivated by gastric juice - Must remain in the mouth against the mucus membrane until it dissolved and absorbed.Sublingual
medication is held in the mouth against the mucous membrane of the cheek until the drug dissolves. Advantages: • Same as oral, plus- • Can be administered for local effect • Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream • Ensures greater drug potency Disadvantages: • If swallowed, drug can be inactivated by gastric juice • Must remain in the mouth against the mucus membrane until it dissolved & absorbedBuccal
 application of medications to a circumscribed area of the body. Includes dermatological medications, irrigations and instillations Dermatologic • Lotion • Liniments • Ointments • Paste • Transdermal patchesTopical
Dermatologic procedure:1. Wash & pat dry area well before application to facilitate absorption of the drug 2. Use surgical asepsis when open wound is present 3. If skin has lesion, wear gloves or use tongue depressor to apply medication 4. Remove previous medication before the next application of medication 5. Apply only a thin layer of medication
Ophthalmic: to provide an eye medication the client requiresInstillation
Ophthalmic: to clear the eye of noxious or other foreign material or excessive secretionsIrrigation
Ophthalmic procedure:1. Position client either sitting or lying 2. For irrigations, tilt the client’s head toward the affected side 3. Use sterile technique 4. Clean the eyelid & eyelashes w/ sterile cotton balls moistened w/ sterile normal solutions; wipe from inner canthus to outer canthus 5. Instill the eye drops in the lower conjunctival sac 6. Instill eye ointment into the lower conjuntival sac from the inner canthus to the outer canthus 7. Instruct patient to close eyes gently 8. For liquid eye medications, press firmly on the nasolacrimal duct at least 1-2 minutes.
Otic: to soften earwax To reduce inflammation Treat infection; relieve painInstillation
Otic: To remove cerumen or pus To apply heat To remove a foreign objectIrrigation
Otic: Procedure:1. Warm the solution at body temperature 2. Position the patient in side-lying position w/ the ear being treated uppermost 3. Clean the pinna of the ear w/ cotton-tipped applicator 4. Straighten the ear canal 5. 0-3 years old – pull the pinna downward & backward 6. > 3 y.o. – pull the pinna upward & backward 7. Press gently but firmly a few times 8. Ask patient to remain in side-lying position for about 5 minutes 9. Insert a small piece of cotton ball loosely for about 15-20 minutes.
• Usually instilled for their astringent effect • To loosen secretions & facilitate drainage • To treat infections of nasal cavity or sinusesNasal
Nasal procedure:1. Have the client blow the nose prior to nasal instillation 2. Position client so that the head can be tilted back to aid in gravitational flow or in specific position to reach sinuses 3. Elevate the nares slightly by pressing the thumb against the client’s tip of the nose 4. Keep head tilted backward for about 5 minutes after instillation of nasal drops
use of nebulizers, metered dose inhalers Procedure: 1. Semi or high fowler's positionInhalation
Forms – tablet, cream, jelly, foam Advantage – provides local therapeutic effect Disadvantage – has limited useVaginal suppository
Vaginal suppository: procedure:Procedure: 1. Empty bladder before the procedure 2. Position & drape the client 3. Client to remain in bed 5-10 minutes following administration of vaginal suppository, cream, jelly or irrigation
Advantage – cab be used when the drug has objectionable taste or odor Disadvantage – dose absorbed is unpredictableRectal
Rectal: Procedure:1. Suppository tend to soften at room temperature; need to be refrigerate 2. Use of gloves for insertion of suppositories 3. Patient to lie on left side and breathe through the mouth to relax the anal sphincter