| prokaryote | no nucleus & no membrane bound organelles |
| eukaryote | membrane bound organelles & nucleus |
| organelles | nucleus, mitochondria, e.r, chloroplast, golgi, vacuole, lysosome; make cell efficient by adding a membrane |
| all cells have | dna, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytosol (liquid that all chemical reactions and cell components are suspended in) |
| efficiency | high surface area to volume ratio (small cells) |
| why are cells different? | they make different proteins in ribosomes |
| how do organelles make cells efficient | make cells efficient by adding membrane |
| (structure) phospholipid bilayer/plasma membrane | phosphate (polar)
lipid (nonpolar) |
| (function) selectively permeable | allows passage of certain molecules based on structure (oxygen, nutrients, waste) |
| isn't connect; free to move | phospholipid bilayer |
| protein channel | types of protein channels determines what it lets in; makes more protein channels if it needs to |
| water | holds cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) together |
| plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer) | selectively permeable |
| nucleus | genetic instructions are housed here (DNA) |
| ribosomes (not an organelle) | produce proteins in cytosol (free) or the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope (bound) |
| mitochondria | releases energy (atp) after taking in sugar; change energy from one form to another; has 2 membrane to increase surface area (increase efficiency) |
| chloroplasts | photosynthesis/store energy; change energy from one form to another |
| golgi | package and modify (may add molecules to make final functional state) |
| lysosomes | contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down substances (macromolecules) |
| centrioles | needed for mitosis/meiosis |
| cell fractionation | takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another; enables scientists to determine functions of organelles |
| Blood (top to bottom) | Plasma (water, ions, sugar, CO2)
White blood cell
Red Blood Cell (most dense) |
| where is gravity on the space station? | on the outside |
| what do phospholipids selectively choose? (property) | first big or small (small)
small: oxygen, co2, water, salt
big: sugar, hormones, proteins, amino acids
big molecules use protein channel
NONPOLAR HYDROPHOBIC can pass through |
| why are plant cells efficient? | plant cells have no surface area in vacuole |
| not membrane bound | ribosome |
| types of domains | prokaryote vs. eukaryote |
| types of kingdoms | animal, plant, archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, protist |
| identifying using microscopes | look for ones by themselves |
| staphylo | clump |
| chain | strepto |
| circles | cocci |
| rods | bicillis |
| histone proteins | increases surface area and allows for reading of any section (chromatin) |
| free ribosomes | freely float around in cytosol |
| attached ribosomes | bound to outside of endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope |
| endomembrane system (similar to essay) | creates modifies and transports proteins; made of phospholipids; nucleus, er, golgi, lysosome, vacuole, vesicles, plasma membrane |
| smooth ER | makes lipids (hydrophobic) |
| rough ER | has ribosomes on the surface; makes proteins (hydrophilic) |
| litic | to break down |
| glycoprotein | (cell ID) identifies; ex: bacteria cells don't have same ___ as your cell |
| microfilament (support beams) | structural; flexible; gives cells shape |
| microtubules | hollow tubes; thicker; transports things (motor proteins walk on it) |
| open end | uglena |
| cillia | paramecium |
| vacuoles | storage; pump excess water out of the cells (contractile-freshwater protists); hold organic compounds and water (central) |
| cell wall | found in plants and prokaryotes; protects, maintains shape, prevents excess water uptake |
| extracellular matrix | environment outside of the cell |
| plasmodesmata | plants; connects cytoplasm |
| tight | keeps something inside; prevents leakage of extracellular fluid (epithelial tissues that line organs); force things (bladder) |
| desmosomes | hold tissues together (skin, heart, muscles); things can freely pass through |
| vesicle | membrane bound sack that stores and transports substances |
