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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
a gelatinous tissue that remains when the embryonic body stalk blends with the yolk sac within the umbilical cordWharton’s jelly
the normal umbilical cord has how many arteries and veins?two arteries and one vein
5 important functions amniotic fluid has for the fetus1. it acts as cushion against mechanical injury 2. helps regulate fetal temperature 3. allows the developing embryo or fetus room for growth 4. ^ which promotes musculoskeletal development 5. and provides for fetal development of lungs
the amniotic fluid appearsclear yellow with a slightly alkaline pH
the top portion of the uterus is referred to asthe fundus
screening of serum alpha-fetoprotein provides prediction for certain birth defects. screening of the levels may be preformed to identify the presence of chromosomal abnormalities such asdown syndrome, or birth defects
non stress test often is begun at how many weeks gestation28 weeks
baseline fetal heart rate120-160
HCG hormone: initially secreted by the throphoplast in the developing pregnancy. it is responsible for stimulation to thecorpus leteum to promote production of estrogen and progesterone until placenta is functioning
estrogen: secreted by corpus luteum and later the placenta. it is responsible for the increasedvascularity needed in the developing pregnancy
progesterone: secreted by the corpus leteum and later the placenta. it is often referred to as themaintenance hormone of pregnancy
relaxin: linked to the softening ofthe cervix and pubic symphysis
during the second trimester the breasts begin to produce colostrum, often referred topremilk
presumptive signs of pregnancyamenorrhea nausea and vomiting frequent urination breast changes change in shape of abdomen quickening skin changes chadwick’s sign
probable signs of pregnancychanges in the reproductive organs positive pregnancy test result
Hegar’s signsoftening of the segment between the fundus and the cervix
Goodell’s signchange and softening or increased pliability of the cervix
Ballottmenttechnique used 16 to 18 wks of gestation is a technique that involves palpating the uterus in such a way that the examiner feels the rebound of the floating fetus
positive signs of pregnancypalpation of the fetal outline visualization of the pregnancy with ultrasound scan presence of fetal heartbeat
defining parity: five digit system: GTPALGravidity Term births Preterm births Abortions Living children
guidelines for counting fetal movements (kick counts) kick counts should begin at28 wks gestation
guidelines for counting fetal movements (kick counts) the mother should pick a time when she cansit or lie quietly
guidelines for counting fetal movements (kick counts) each fetal movement should be counted, the goal is10-12 movements/kicks in a 1-2 hour period
danger signs during pregnancyvisual disturbances headaches edema rapid weight gain pain signs of infection vaginal bleeding vaginal drainage persistent vomiting muscular irritability absence or decrease in fetal movements
a darkening of a line from the midline of the abdomen from the pubis to the umbilicus may result and is calledlinea nigra
the mask of pregnancy, is an irregular darkening of the cheeks, forehead, and nosechloasma
linea nigra and chloasma are more obvious in women with darker hair and skin and may be worsened withsun exposure
excessive body hair in a masculine distribution pattern as a result of hereditary, hormonal dysfunction, or medicationhirstutism
an increase in the normal lumbosacral curvelordosis
pregnant women who carry more than one fetus may experienceoverdistention
excessive stress on the abdominal wall muscles may cause aseparation (diastasis recti abdominis)
cardiovascular changes in pregnancy: heart rate - blood pressure -increases 10-15 bpm slight decrease in second trimester
exercises used to help tone the muscles of the perineum and prevent stress incotinencekegel exercises
this can help reduce leg crampsdorsiflexion of the foot