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level: Level 1 of Chapter 4

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Chapter 4

QuestionAnswer
The word vitamin comes from the Latin word? Meaning?Vita, meaning life; and the suffix amine, which is a nitrogen compound.
True or False: all vitamins contain nitrogen.False, it was discovered later that not all vitamins contain nitrogen; nevertheless, "vitamin" has been used pervasively and has become a common word.
are a group of unrelated organic compounds found in food which are needed only in minute quantities in the diet but essential for specific metabolic reactions within the cell and necessary for normal growth and maintenance of health. coenzyme partner in controlling many metabolic reactions in the bodyvitamins
In the absence of vitamins, a related ??? occurs. cure is through the administration of the vitamin involvedVitamin deficiency or deficiency
Classification of vitamin deficiency: Occurs when the vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts to meet physiologic needsPrimary deficiency
Classification of vitamin deficiency: absorption is impaired excess secretion occurs underlying disorder lifestyle factorSecondary deficiency
Classifications of vitamin deficiencySecondary deficiency
True or false: Vitamins do have caloric valueFalse, vitamins does not have caloric value
Terms associated with vitamins: These are compounds that can be changed to active vitamins. A substance in food that may be transformed into a vitamin within the body; a potential vitaminPrecursors or Provitamins
Terms associated with vitamins: These are naturally occurring vitamins that are in inactive form and ready for biological usePreformed vitamins
Terms associated with vitamins: This refers to a condition resulting from lack of a vitamin. In the later stage of this condition when more defined signs and symptoms occur, a nutritional deficiency disease signs and symptoms occur, a nutritional deficiency disease is recognizableAvitaminosis
carotenes (or carotenoids) and cryptoxanthin are precursors of what vitamin?vitamin A
Ergosterol, when radiated, becomes?vitamin D
Avitaminosis A leads tonight blindness and xerophthalmia
Avitaminosis C leads toscurvy
Avitaminosis B leads toberi beri
Terms associated with vitamins: This is sometimes referred to as "vitamin toxicity", a result of excessive accumulation of a vitami in the bodyHypervitaminosis
Terms associated with vitamins: The prefix "mal" meaning bad denotes that too much or too little vitamin is not good for the health.Vitamin malnutrition
Terms associated with vitamins: Some substances have physiological roles like vitamins but they are present in larger amounts and are partially synthesized in the body. These substances include inositol, choline, lipoic acid, and ubiquinone.Vitamin-like compounds
An example of preformed Vit. A found in animal food sourcesretinol
Terms associated with vitamins: These are substances that interfere with the normal functioning of a vitamin. They need to be similar in chemical composition as the vitamin they "antagonize" Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins.Antivitamins or vitamin antagonists
antivitamin or vitamin antagonist of Vitamin KDicumerol
antivitamin or vitamin antagonist of biotinavidin
antivitamin or vitamin antagonist against thiamine or vitamin B1thiaminase
Two types of vitamins: classification of Vitamins on the basis of Solubility:The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K in association with lipids are found in foods The water-soluble vitamins are B complex and vitamin C
Vitamins are formerly called ???, because their presence in minute quantities is easily overlooked.accessory food factors
What are the last group of organic compounds which were discovered to be vital to life maintenance and growthvitamins
The word vitamin was coined by: when: How:The word vitamin was coined by Casimir Funk; in 1912; when he was searching for a constituent in rice bran which could cure beriberi. The missing substance he called 'vitamine' comes from vita meaning necessary for life and amine denoting that the anti-beriberi factor contained nitrogen. He hypothesized that nutritional deficiencies which were observed in the past such as scurvy, pellagra, and rickets were due to the lack of "vitamine".
Researchers later showed that ???, so the final letter "e" was dropped, hence the word "vitamin"not all these dietary factors contained nitrogen
Besides solubility properties, fat-soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins based on the following factual criteria:1. Fat-soluble vitamins generaly have precursors or provitamins 2. Because they can be stored in the body: liver, adipose tissue, deficiencies are slow to develop 3. They are not absolutely needed daily from food sources. 4. They are generally stable, especially in ordinary cooking methods • Absorbed directly into blood transported and stored like fats • Dissolve in fatty tissues or substances • Need fat: for absorption & transport
Water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins having the general characteristics:1. they must be supplied every day in the diet 2. They do not have precursors 3. they are not stored significantly in the body and any excess is excreted in the urine. except Vit. B 12 (Cobalamin) and Vit. B 6 (Pyridoxine) 4. Deficiency symptoms develop relatively fast 5. Being water-soluble, they are most likely to be destroyed in ordinary cooking. therefore opposite sa fat-soluble, bilat.
Vitamin B1:Thiamin
• a.1. Integral part coenzyme factor, thiamine pyrophosphate or TPP, needed for carbohydrate metabolism. • a.2. Helps maintain good appetite, good muscle tone especially of the GI tract and normal functioning of ENERGY.Thiamin (B1): Function:
Thiamin (B1): Stability:• Loss of vitamin in cooking is extremely variable, depending on the pH of the food, time, temperature, quantity of water used and discarded and the use of sodium bicarbonate to enhance the green color of vegetables. • Freezing has little or no effect on the thiamin content of foods.
Thiamin (B1): Thiamine Deficiency• c.1. loss of appetite • c.2. weakness • c.3. easy fatigability • c.4.indigestion • c.5. severe constipation • c.6. gastric atony • c.7. poor reflexes and irritability • c.8. retarded growth • c.9. numbness of extremities • c.10. beri-beri- also called nutritional polyneuritis
Thiamin (B1): beri beri characterized byataxia, pain, anorexia, mental disorientation, and tachycardia.
Types of beriberi:infantile beriberi wet beriberi dry beriberi
type of beriberi: Infants 2 to 5 months of age whose main food is milk from mother suffering from beriberi. • Symptoms are (APHONIA), whining cry, CYANOSIS, difficulty in breathing and even death in a few hours.Infantile beriberi
type of beriberi: Is resultant of high carbohydrate intake along with strenuous exercise Characterized by : • EDEMA of both lower extremities which progress upwards to body cavities such as abdomen and chest. • TACHYCARDIA • Shortness of breath with activity • Enlarged HEART.Wet beriberi
type of beriberi: Is associated with energy deprivation and inactivity characterized by: ✔ mental confusion ✔ peripheral neuropathy ✔muscular wasting with loss of function ✔ paralysis of the lower extremities.Dry beriberi
-a cerebral form of beriberi that affects the nervous system. -may cause the loss of memory, extreme mental confusion, and ataxia exhibited by persons with chronic excessive alcohol ingestion. is a type of brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B-1, or thiamineWernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)
Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis/ mnemonic:COAT RACK
Wernicke's encephalopathy:COAT: C- confusion O- ophthalmoplegia A- ataxia T- thiamin deficiency
Korsakoff's Psychosis:RACK: R- retrograde amnesia A- Anterograde amnesia C- Confabulation K- Korsakoff's psychosis
Thiamine requirement or allowance:• RDA: 1.2 mg (men) & 1.1 mg (women) • The amount of thiamine required increases as the metabolic rate increases. • The amount of thiamine required increases as the metabolic rate increases. • Those engaged in rigorous physical activity burn more energy, so they require more energy.
Vitamin B2:Riboflavin
It operates as a vital coenzyme factor in both energy production and tissue protein building.Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): function:
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RDA:1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women
Vitamin B2: Plant sources:❖Broccoli ❖asparagus, ❖dark leafy greens ❖whole grains, ❖enriched breads and cereals.
• a word that is used to describe foods to which vitamins and minerals have been added back to a food after refining process that caused a loss of some nutrients;enriched
Vitamin B2 Animal sources:❖Dairy products ❖Meats ❖Fish ❖Poultry ❖Eggs
caution: Riboflavin is sensitive to what?light and irradiation it is destroyed by ultraviolet light and sunlight
Ariboflavinosis or riboflavin deficiency causes:Corneal vascularization Dermatitis Glossitis Cheilosis Anemia, erythroid hypoplasia
Ariboflavinosis: •-a term used for fissures in the skin at the angles of the mouth. •-these cracks in the skin may be painful and often become infected.Cheilosis
ariboflavinosis: •- is inflammation or infection of the tongue. •- causes the tongue to swell and change color.Glossitis
ariboflavinosis: -An inflammation of the skin that exhibits a greasy, scaling appearance, • - Typically involves the cheeks and the areas behind the ears.seborrheic dermatitis
• Function: It is involved as a coenzyme for many enzymes, especially those involved in energy metabolism. • as a treatment for High Cholesterol. • High-dose niacin supplements can improve blood lipid profiles • At doses of 1500 mg per day, it decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels • However, patient with CV diseases who tale a statin medication do not benefit further from supplemental niacin; thus it is not recommended to take bothNiacin B3
Niacin B3: average RDA:• 2-12 mg a day for children • 14 mg a day for women • 16 mg a day for men • 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast- feeding women
• The deficiency disease caused by a lack of dietary niacin and an inadequate amount of protein that contains the amino acid tryptophan, which is precursor of niacin. • It is characterized by skin lesions that are aggravated by sunlight as well as by GI, mucosal, neurologic, and mental symptoms.pellagra
Pellagra, aniacin (avitaminosis of Vitamin B3 or Niacin) deficiency is characterized by:4 "D's": Diarrhea Dermatitis Dementia Death
Pellagra: 4 "D's": •A symmetrical scaly rash occurs only on skin exposed to the sun. •Skin is dry scaly and cracked. • In acute stages, pellagra resembles severe sunburn; in later stages, affected areas become darkly pigmented. Lesions occur in the same places on both sides of the body.Dermatitis
Pellagra: 4 "D's": •Damage to the GI tract affects digestion, absorption, and excretion of food, leading to glossitis, vomiting and diarrhea.Diarrhea
Pellagra: 4 "D's": As the CNS becomes affected in severe deficiencies, confusion, anxiety, insomnia and paranioa develop.Dementia
฀ The Niacin in ??? is in a bound form unavailable for absorption. ฀People in the southern United States and parts of Europe relied on ??? as a staple food, and ??? is notoriously low in niacin. ฀ More than 3 Million cases of pellagra resulted in 100,000 deaths between 1900 and 1940corn
• Functions: • Acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids and proteins, fatty acids and carbohydrate. • Involve in the formation of neurotransmitters and are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. • Is essential for the hemoglobin synthesis. • It is required for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.Pyridoxine (B6)
Pyridoxine (B6): Average RDA:1-2 mg day
Pyridoxine (B6): deficiencies:dermatitis, altered nerve function, weakness, poor growth, convulsions, and microcytic anemia (small red blood cells deficient in hemoglobin.)
Pyridoxine (B6): Toxicity:ataxia, sensory neuropathy (for long-term supplementation in megadoses gram quantities)
• Function: Is required for the synthesis of amino acids and for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It also forms the heme portion of the hemoglobin. • Average RDA:50-200 mcg/dayFolate
Deficiency in pregnant women: NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS: •-is a congenital defect of the spinal column that causes the spinal cord to be unprotected. •-Results in range of disabilities including paralysis and incontinence.Spina bifida
3 most common types of spina bifida: A defect of the backbone (spine) and spinal cordmyelomeningocele
3 most common types of spina bifida: sac protruding from the spinal columnmeningocele
3 most common types of spina bifida: backbone (spine) does not fully form during pregnancySpina bifida occulta
Deficiency in pregnant women: NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS: •-a congenital defect in which brain does not develop, death occurs shortly after birth.Anencephaly
Childbearing age: Should take how many/much of synthetic folic acid to reduce the risks of birth defects? Pregnant women should also take?Childbearing age should take 400 mcg/day of synthetic folic acid to reduce the risks of birth defects. Pregnant women should take 600 mcg/day
฀ A form of anemia characterized by large red blood cells that cannot carry oxygen properly.Megaloblastic anemia
Function: • It has a role in folate metabolism by modifying folate coenzymes to active forms to support metabolic functions, including the synthesis of DNA and RNA. • It is required for the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. • It helps develop and maintain the myelin sheaths that surrounds and protect the nerve fibers. RDA: 1-2 mcg/day • Toxicity: none reported. • Both Vitamin and the intrinsic factor must be present for absorption.Cobalamin (B12)
•- It is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the body cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract •- Caused by destroyed gastric parietal cells that produce the intrinsic factor; without intrinsic factor in the stomach, Vitamin B12 can not be absorbed.Pernicious Anemia (from B12 deficiency)
reduction in production of intrinsic factor by the stomach mucosa in older people. •Damage to the spinal cord •Due to the breakdown of myelin sheath synthesis that affects the brain, optic and peripheral nerves.B12 deficiency
• Function: It assists in the transfer of carbon dioxide from one compound to another, playing an important role in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. • Average RDA: 30-100 mcg/day • Toxicity: None reported. • Dietary Sources Food sources of biotin include nuts, cheese, spinach, salmon, mushrooms, broccoli, beef liver and chicken. • Deficiency: Rare.Vit. B7 Biotin
฀ Is rare but has been produced by consumption of large amounts of AVIDIN, a protein found in raw egg whites that binds with biotin. ฀ One would need to consume many raw egg whites for this to occur.Biotin deficiency
• Function: 1.Part of coenzyme A, essential for many chemical reactions, therefore required for metabolism of CHO,CHON and fat. 2. Synthesis of AAs, fatty acids cholesterol, steroid hormones & hemoglobin. • Average RDA: 4-7 mcg/day • Deficiency: Is not likely except in cases of a deficiency of all the B vitamins.Vit. B5 Pantothenic acid
• It is needed for the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, and lecithin, the phospholipid. • acetylcholine = a neurotransmitter associated with attention, learning and memory, muscle control, and many other functions. • Average RDA: 425 mg/day (women) 550 mg/day(men) Keeps the healthy function of our brain & nervous system. helps form the membranes of our cells. help our muscles counteract. helps the transport of fats & cholesterol in the body. Balances levels of hemocysteine in the blood.Choline
A neurotransmitter associated with attention, learning and memory, muscle control, and many other functions.Acetylcholine
are good sources of cholineeggs
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Chemical and Physical nature:A.1. Water soluble acid, easily oxidized, unstable A.2. Other animals can synthesize Vitamin C from glucose but humans lack the necessary specific enzymes
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Absorption and Storage:• B.1. Easily absorbed from small intestine • B.2. Not stored in tissue depots; distributed to tissue saturation levels in general circulation, remainder being excreted; • large amounts present in adrenal tissues
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Physiologic Function:Antioxidant and co-enzyme, collagen synthesis, amino acid metabolism; may have the role in reducing the risk of cancer(stomach, esophagus and colon)
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Average RDA :90 mg for men & 75mg for women. Recommendations vary worldwide: a minimum of 10 mg-to prevent symptoms of scurvy.
฀ The metabolic use of smokers is twice as that of non smokers. ฀Recommend that clients who smoke consume ??? rather than 90 mg of Vitamin C daily.125 mg
Signs and symptoms of scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency, Ascorbic acid avitaminosis)Pale skin, Loss of teeth, sunken eyes. also gingival hemorrhage, corkscrew hair- pinpoint bleeding around hair follicles, periungual hemorrhage- include pinpoint bleeding under the nails, Bruising and hemorrhages
vitamins that are absorbed together with fat from the intestine, and into the bloodstream.Fat-soluble vitamins
• Vision- Light-dark Vision; Color vision • Health of Other Cells • Growth, Development and reproduction • Cardiovascular Disease Prevention • Cancer PreventionVitamin A
is the chemical name of Vitamin A Because of its major function in the retina of the eye.Retinol
• Dim-light photoreceptor in the retina •Is formed from retinal, a vitamin A substance, and opsin, a protein. •Is commonly known as the visual purple • an essential part of the pigment of the eye to be able to adjusts to light variationsRhodopsin
• The “anti-infection” vitamin • Epithelial cells – serve as important barriers to bacterial infection ; secrete mucus • Hence, its deficiency can increase risk for infections.Vitamin A: Health of other cells
Vitamin A: Growth, development and Reproduction• Vitamin A Binds to DNA and in turn causes a cell to increase its synthesis of proteins that stimulate proper growth and development • Producing some components of bone requires vitamin A.
Vitamin A prevention:Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Linked to carotenoids antioxidant capability Cancer Prevention: • Vitamin A is a valuable tool in the fight of: • Skin Ca • Lung Ca • Bladder Ca • Breast Ca • Prostate Ca – carotenoid lycopene (tomatoes, watremelon)
Vitamin A: Analogs for acne: Acne medications: • Toxicity:1. Tretinoin (Retin-A) – topical treatment 2. 13-cis retinoic acid (Accutane) – oral drug to treat serious acne birth defects in the offspring of women using it during pregnancy
Vitamin A: Recommended intake: (RDA, based on providing optimum storage of Vitamin A in the liver)• Vitamin A is measured as retinol activity equivalents (RAE) • 900 mcg RAE (men) • 700 mcg RAE (women)
Forms of Vitamin A: • Active form of vitamin A • Found in animal foods • Is the natural form of vitamin A, found only in animal food sources usually associated with fats.Retinoids
Forms of Vitamin A: Preformed vitamin A: Provitamin A:1.) preformed vitamin A: Retinol/retinoids 2.) Provitamin A: beta-carotene
VITAMIN A sources Animal-related foods/Retinoids• Whole milk • Butter • Liver • Egg yolks • Fatty dish
Forms of Vitamin A CAROTENOIDS: Precursors forms of vitamin A Found in plant foods: • Is the primary source of Vitamin A from plants foods. • Nutritionally is the most active and most plentiful of the carotenoids. • This is the original substance found in plants (pigments) that animals have eaten and converted to vitamin A • Is called carotene, because one of its main sources is the yellow pigment of carrotsCarotenoid Beta- Carotene:
VITAMIN A sources: Carotenoids• Deep green, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables such as: – Carrots – Broccoli – Tomatoes – Spinach
Vitamin A Deficiency: Is caused by a lack of dietary intakePRIMARY
Vitamin A Deficiency: • Is the result of chronic fat malabsorption. • As liver becomes depleted, symptoms develop.SECONDARY
• It comes from the Greek "xeros" (dry) + "ophthalmos" (eye) = dry eye. • Specific cause: lack of mucus production by the eye.Xerophthalmia
Xerophthalmia: Difficulty seeing in the dark because the retina cannot adjust to low amounts of light. can usually be cured in about 30 minutes by an injection of vitamin a(retinol), which is readily converted into retinal and then into rhodopsinXerophthalmia: Night Blindness
Xerophthalmia: The white of the eye loses its shine and begins to wrinkle.Xerophthalmia: Xerosis (Dry Eyes):
Xerophthalmia: Patches of little gray bubbles on the whites of the eye.Xerophthalmia: Bitot's Spots:
Xerophthalmia: Dullness or damage to the cornea.Xerophthalmia: Corneal Ulceration :
Xerophthalmia: A condition, characterized by softening and subsequent ulceration and perforation of the cornea. soft or bulging cornea.Keratomalacia:
Vitamin A: Toxicity: Toxicity does not occur from carotenoid precursor in foods. • If carotenoids is taken in excess ----- ----skintakes on an orange hue
• Functions: 1.) Helps regulate Calcium and Phosphorus absorption from the intestine. 2.) It reduces kidney excretion of calcium 3.) Helps regulate deposition of calcium in the bones.Vitamin D
general name given to Vitamin DCalciferol
Vitamin D is produced by your ??? in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation from natural sunlight.skin
The healing rays of natural sunlight (that generate vitamin D in your skin) cannot penetrateglass
It is nearly impossible to get adequate amounts of vitamin D from your diet. ??? is the only reliable way to generate vitamin D in your own body.Sunlight exposure
A person would have to drink ??? of vitamin D fortified milk each day just to get minimum levels of vitamin D into their diet.ten tall glasses
The further you live from the equator, the ??? exposure you need to the sun in order to generate vitamin D. Canada, the UK and most U.S. states are far from the equator.longer
People with dark skin pigmentation may need ??? times as much exposure to sunlight as fair-skinned people to generate the same amount of vitamin D.20 - 30
Sufficient levels of vitamin D are crucial for calcium absorption in your intestines. Without sufficient vitamin D, your body cannot ???, rendering calcium supplements useless.absorb calcium
Chronic vitamin D deficiency cannot be reversed overnight: it takes ??? of vitamin D supplementation and sunlight exposure to rebuild the body's bones and nervous system.months
Even weak sunscreens (SPF=8) block your body's ability to generate vitamin D by ???. This is how sunscreen products actually cause disease-- by creating a critical vitamin deficiency in the body.95%
It is impossible to generate too much vitamin D in your body from sunlight exposure: your body willself-regulate and only generate what it needs.
SPF ratings ???, effectively block synthesis of vitamin D in the skin.greater than 8
If it hurts to press firmly on your ???, you may be suffering from chronic vitamin D deficiency right now.sternum
Vitamin D is "activated" in your body by your ??? before it can be used.kidneys and liver
Vitamin D: Recommended Intake:• AI (Adequate Intake) for Vitamin D – 5 mcg • 10 mcg (400 IU)--- 51-70 years old • 15 mcg (600 IU)--- 70 above
Deficiency of Vitamin D: is the softening and weakening of bones in children -Soft spot on baby's head is slow to close. -bony necklace -curved bones -big, lumpy joints -bowed legs (knees bent out)Rickets
•Adult form of rickets. •It is a disease characterized by weak, soft, or brittle bones in adults. •Symptoms include muscle weakness and bone pain.osteomalacia
฀ It is a condition in which the bone density is reduced and the remaining bone is brittle and breaks easily.osteoporosis
Deficiency is a concern when the lack of exposure to sunlight occurs as a result of:1) Environmental Limitations 2) Cultural Clothing customs that conceal the body 3) The inability of older persons or adults with disabilities to get outdoors, resulting in malnourishment
Vitamin D toxicity: • Hypercalcemia: • Hypercalciuria: • Toxicity symptoms occur when:- (high blood levels of Calcium) -(high calcium level in Urine) -dietary intake of Vitamin D is just above the UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level)of 50 mcg 0r 2000 IU, making Vitamin D the most toxic of vitamins.
Functions: • Acts as an antioxidant, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids and Vitamin A in cell membranes from oxidative damage by being oxidized itself. ---This is particularly important in protecting the integrity of lung and RBC cell membranes, which are exposed to large amounts of oxygen. • Acts as an antioxidant in conjunction with Selenium and ascorbic acid (vitamin C).Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Vtiamin E (recommended Intake):• Vitamin E is measured in terms of alpha- tocopherol equivalent (a-TE). • The RDA for men & women: 15 mg a-TE • 1 mg a-TE = 1.49 IU • 30-70 mg a-TE (50-100 IU)- protection against heart disease and possible reduced risk to prostate CA • Optimum level is still being checked.
Vitamin E: caution:• Check with a Primary Health Care Provider before supplementing with Vitamin E. • Vitamin E increases the risk of stroke to those with hypertension. • It is also contraindicated for individuals taking Warfarin (Coumadin) or other medicines that inhibit blood clot because Vitamin E may affect the efficacy of the medications.
vitamin E deficiency: -Can occur in premature infants - Others who cannot absorb fat: • cystic fibrosis • biliary atresia • Hepatobiliriary sytem/liver transport problemsSecondary
Vitamin E deficiencies: Primary:Rare
Vitamin E: Toxicity• No evidence of toxicity associated with excessive intake of Vitamin E. • 70-530 mg a-TE (100-800 IU) per day – appear to be tolerated, but the values has not been determined. • Contraindication: Anticoagulant therapy, Coagulation disorder, Vitamin K deficiency • A UL of 100 mg a-TE has been set.
• The "K" is derived from the German word "koagulation." •Coagulation refers to the process of blood clot formation. •Prothrombin (clotting factor II), if combined with Calcium ( factor IV) –helps produce the clotting effect. -also known as phytonadione • Functions: 1.) Is a cofactor in the synthesis of blood clotting factors, including prothrombin. 2.) Protein formation in bone, kidney, and plasma also depends on the actions of Vitamin K. • AI for Vitamin K: 120 mcg for men and 90 mcg for women. Toxicity: noneVitamin K
Sources of Vitamin K• It is available from dietary source such as dark green leafy vegetable (collard greens, kale, mustard greens, spinach, swiss chard, turnip greens) . • Lesser amounts are found in dairy products, cereals, meats and fruits. • It can be synthesized by the micro flora in the jejunum, ileum of the digestive tract.
Sources of Vitamin K: Form of Vitamin K consumed from plantsPhylloquinone
Sources of Vitamin K: form of Vitamin K produced via bacterial synthesismenaquinone
Vitamin K: Deficiency:increased propensity to bruising and bleeding.
Problems from a lack of vitamin K would result from:1.) Absence of intestinal bacteria 2.) Prolonged antibiotic therapy 3.) Lack of bile to absorb the vitamin 4.) Gallbladder disease and injury 5.) Interference with prothrombin formation 6.) Result of anticoagulant therapy In CV disease 7.) Impaired absorption of the vitamin in the intestinal diseases affecting the mucosa and its absorbing surface. Eg. Celiac’s disease