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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
defects involving what kind of blood flow are the most common congenital heart defectsincreased pulmonary blood flow
what percent of VSD’s close spontaneously50%
tetralogy of fallot involves a combination of four defects1. pulmonary stenosis 2. VSD 3. right ventricular hypertrophy 4. overriding aorta
in transportation of the great vessels, the pulmonary artery arises form the left ventricle and the aorta arises from theright ventricle
palliative procedures to provide mixing, either by enlarging an atrial septal defect that is already present or by creating one bypulling a balloon catheter through the atrial septum
clinical manifestations of coarctation of the aorta, the blood pressure in the arms is20mm Hg higher than that in the legs
other manifestations of coactation of the aorta includeleg cramping
iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent disorder ininfancy and early childhood
the incidence of iron deficiency anemia peaks between ages6-24 months in children from lower-income backgrounds
infants who are not breast fed should receive iron-fortified formulas for the first9-12 months
recommended daily allowance of iron for infants between the ages of 7 and 12 months is11mg of iron per day
toddlers require how much iron per day7 mg
hypoproliferative isdefective production of erythrocytes
when the hemoglobin falls below 5g/dl the child hasanorexia, skin pallor, pale mucous membranes
citrus fruits or juices with what supplements may be advisableiron
with sickle cell anemia, the erythrocyte changed from its characteristic round shape toan elongated crescent shape (sickled cell)
as sickle cells clump, circulation slows, resulting inobstruction with severe tissue hypoxia and necrosis ‘
sickling is an intermittent phenomenon, the usual precipitating factors areinfection, fever, hypoxemia, dehydration, high attitudes, cold, or emotional stress
two diagnostic tests for sickle cell anemia areSICKLEDEX for screening purposes, and hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine whether the patient has sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease
with sickle cell disease children younger than what age are at the highest risk for death5
with hemophilia factors what are deficient or absent8 and 9 (VIII and IX)
diagnostic tests for hemophilia areabnormal prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
regular injection of what hormone helps in preventing bleeding from occurringdesmopressin (DDVAP)
RICE method is used for hemophilia when external bleeding occursR: rest I: ice C: compression E: elevation
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is characterized bya marked decrease in the number of circulating platelets
ITP onset is frequently among children aged2-10 years
ITP clinical manifestationsecchymosis, pinpoint petechial rash are usually the first signs
leukemia medical management: prophylactic treatment is given through what routeintrathecal (where the drug is injected directly into the spinal fluid)
hodgkin’s lymphoma is distinguished bypainless enlargement of lymphoid tissue, fever, night sweats and weight loss
the most common sites for hodgkin’s lymphoma to develop arechest, neck, underarms, and groin
primary immunodeficiency disorders result fromgenetic or congenital abnormalities
secondary immunodeficiency disorders (most common form) are disorders acquired inassociation with certain drug therapies such as corticosteroids
HIV targets theCD4+ molecules, especially the T helper lymphocytes
a normal CD4+ count is 500/uL to 1600/uL, and severe immune problems occur when the CD4+ count drops below200/uL
the greatest threat to an HIV infected infant ispneumonia
two tests for HIVELISA and western blot
juvenile idiopathic arthritis may manifest as early as6 months of age
in most affected children, juvenile idiopathic arthritis is diagnosed by age16
respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a deficiency ofsurfactant
RDS occurs almost exclusively inpreterm infants of low birth weight
RDF occurs more frequently inboys delivered by caesarean section
RDF: without sufficient production of surfactant, the infant is unable to keep the lungs inflated and the alveoli collapse at the end of expiration, resulting inhypoxia, atelectasis, and respiratory acidosis
RDF clinical manifestationsnasal flaring, expiratory grunting
bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a disorder that develops inpremature infants
BPD arises in association with mechanism aspiration, RDS, high concentrations of o2, positive pressure ventilation andendotracheal intubation
BPD clinical manifestationsrespiratory distress (wheezing, retracting, nasal flaring, irritability, abundant secretions, and cyanosis when stressed)
pneumonia is classified according to the causative agent:bacterial, viral, myocoplasmal, or foreign body aspirations
viral pneumonia’s are more common thanbacterial pneumonia’s
acute pharyngitis (sore throat) occurs frequently between the ages4-12
croup: laryngotracheobronchitis and acute epiglottitis is marked byresonant barking cough, suffocating and difficult breathing, and laryngeal spasm
croup pathophysiology: the inflamed epiglottis becomescherry-red and edematous, which has the potential to lead to total airway obstruction
medical management of croup focuses onmaintaining patency of the airway
respiratory syncytial virus and bronchiolitis: what is the organism responsible for most casesRSV
bronchiolitis occurs in children younger than2 years
cystic fibrosis is a disorder of the exocrine (mucus-producing) glands, with the characteristic presence ofthick mucus that obstructs the lungs and the gastrointestinal (GI) system
cystic fibrosis diagnostic tests: a sweat chloride level higher than60 mEq/L
the normal sweat chloride level for infants 6 months and younger and over 6 months29 and 39
a combination of cleft lip and palate is more common thanan isolated occurrence of either
nursing interventions for cleft palatepromote bonding between the parents and the infant
“currant jelly” stoolsfeces mixed with blood and mucus from the intestinal mucosa
clinical manifestations of hirschsprung’s diseasefailure to pass meconium stool within 48 hours and ribbon-like foul smelling stools
types of herniasdiaphragmatic: abdominal organs hiatal: stomach through esophagus inguinal: loop of intestine umbilical: protrusion of intestine
kernig’s signresistance to knee extension in supine position with hips and knees flexed against torso
brudzinski’s signflexion of the knees and hips when neck is flexed rapidly onto the chest
botulinum jelly (botox) is a drug used in the treatment of spasticity forcerebral palsy
chelation therapythe use of a compound to bind to a toxic substance and render it nonactive and thus nontoxic
down syndrome clinical manifestationslow-set ears and a simian crease of the palmar side of the hand
recurrent abdominal pain is episodes of abdominal pain that recur monthly forat least 3 months
the ductus arteriosus is a fetal artery that connects the pulmonary artery tothe aorta
patent ductus arteriosus: failure of the ductus arteriosus to close within the first weeks of life allows oxygenated blood to shunt from the high pressure aorta tothe low pressure pulmonary artery
atrial septal defect: an abnormal opening in the atrial septum that enables oxygenated blood to flow from the high pressure left atrium to thelower pressure right atrium
ventricular septal defect: an abnormal opening in the interventricular septum, resulting in the flow of oxygenated blood from the higher pressure left ventricle to thelower pressure right ventricle
tetralogy of fallot:1. pulmonary stenosis 2. VSD 3. right ventricular hypertrophy 4. overriding aorta
transportation of the great vessels: the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta arises fromthe right ventricle
coarctation of the aorta: narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, resulting in increased pressure proximal tothe defect