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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of the drugs and their mechanism of action.PHARMACODYNAMICS
Once the drugs are taken into the body it exerts some effects. The mechanism of the action of the drug is the study of the pharmacodynamicsPharmacodynamics
“What does the drugs do in our body?”Pharmacodynamics
From the word “kinetics” which means movemenPharmacokinetics
the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion; duration of effect; etc.PHARMACOKINETICS
"What does the body do to the drugs?”PHARMACOKINETICS
Study of interaction between chemical substances and biological systemsPharmacology
Study of the properties and effects of drugsPharmacology
any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological system or pathological state for the benefit of the recipientDrug
Drogue means?dry herbs
When we say ______________ it usually undergone clinical trials/studied/has been approved by the FDA or government while the ___________may cure, alters, they are in the raw formmedicine; drugs
additives of medicinesexcipients
medications that undergone studies including the side effects which are safe to takeMedicines
These are drugs meaning it alters some biologic processes inside the body but into the adverse effects into our body it has not been approve.Marijuana
Oldest source of medicinesplants
“All medicines are drugs, whereas not all drugs are medicines”True
Deals with the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of diseasesPHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisonsTOXICOLOGY
Deals with the effects of drugs upon microorganisms and parasites without destroying the host cells; cancer treatmentTOXICOLOGY
The science of preparation, compounding, and dispensing of drugsPHARMACY
In the old times, Pharmacists do not just dispense the drug but they are the ones who mix the ingredients/compounds, they give the correct dosagePHARMACY
Prescribing drugs before are more complicated but in these times Pharmacists are just dispensing the drugs because drugs already prepared in the laboratories or sites of the manufacturing companiesPHARMACY
Deals with the study of the sources of drugs derived from plants and animal originPHARMACOGNOSY
Oldest field of pharmacology because this is the study of sources of drug derived from plants and animal originPHARMACOGNOSY
Deals with the source, description (physical and chemical properties) and preparation of drugsMATERIA-MEDIC
An official reference containing a selected drugs/medicinal preparations with their description, tests for their identity, purity, and potency and with their average dosesPHARMACOPOIEA
What year is the publication of the pharmacopoeia team in Philippines2004
The study of drugs, or pharmaceuticals, typically used in the dental fieldDENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
Most common types of drugs used by a dentistanalgesics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anesthetics.
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for centuries as a drug sourcePlants
Example of AlkaloidsOpium
Example of GlycosidesDigitalis (cardio drugs)
Example of OilsResins and Gums
What source is the PlacentaHuman
What source is the Immunoglobulin in bloodHuman
What source is the NystatinMicroorganisms
What source is the Cod liver OilAnimals
Way on how drugs carried to be able to reach the target or site of the intended effectROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
A path by which a drug, fluid, or poison or a substance is brought into contact with the bodRoute (in pharmacology)
The drug is applied locally to the skinLocal
Powders, paste, lotions, ointments, creams, plasters, and jelliesLocal
Enteral and ParenteralSystemic
The drug administrated through systemic routes is absorbed into the blood, distributed along through the circulation and produce their desired effects.Systemic
The route where it reaches the gastrointestinal tract; it passes through the intestineEnteral
Enteron meansIntestine
OralMouth
where you put the drug under the tongueSublingual
which you put the drug in a form of strips in the buccal surface of the mouthBuccal
Those that goes directly into the bloodParenteral
The administration of drugs by injection directly into the tissue fluid or blood without having to cross the intestinal mucosaParenteral
angled 25 degrees and directly hits the vein; it aims the veinIntravenous (IV)
angled 45 degrees and reaches up to the dermis layer of the skinSubcutaneous
angled 90 degrees and it reaches up to the muscle (like our vaccines)Intramuscular (IM)
angled 10-15 degrees; this is the one that has significant in dentistry because these are used in skin testIntradermal
These are usually used in patients with respiratory disordersInhalation
Drugs administered by inhalation through the mouth so that the drugs can pass through the windpipe (trachea) and into the lungsInhalation
administered alone, they usually delivered with excipientsSheldom drugs
Carrier to which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the bodyDosage form
- It is the manner these drug substances are presented in the marketDosage form
are time-bound drugs, that’s why they need to encapsulate it or coat it because if not, they cannot withstand the acidity of the gastrointestinal tract.Capsule
Which drug must be administered in an emergencyInjectable drug
Easily handled by the patients; it is the most convenient self-administration of medication.Oral Dosage Form
 Tablets  Capsule  Suspensions  Lozenges  Pills  GranulesOral dosage form
These are drugs applied to the skin/other topical surfacesTopical dosage form
If the wound is open, if the wound is dry then you use creams because ointments are oil-basedTopical dosage form
These drugs are applied to the skin or other topical surfacesTopical dosage form
 Ointments  Creams  FoamsTopical dosage form
These drugs are administered rectally for local rather than systemic effectRectal Dosage Form
administration of liquids through the rectum and colon via the anusEnemas
These are usually sterile, particulate free and non-pyrogenic solutions or suspensions (of drugs in water or other suitable physiological acceptable vehicles) that are injected into the body using syringe and needleParenteral dosage forms
It has 100% bio availabilityParenteral dosage forms
Used in emergency situations because they reach the circulation as soon as possibleParenteral Dosage forms
These are the drugs intended to be used in the vaginal cavity for either contraception, induction of labor, treatment of vaginal infections or local menopausal symptomsVaginal dosage forms
These are drugs commonly used to treat local ocular disorder like infection or inflammationOpthalmic drug form
These ae aqueous-based systems that are instilled within or sprayed into the nasal cavityNasal drug form
These are agents that are instilled in the ear canal for the treatment of local disordersOtic drug form
Capsules  Granules  Powder  Tablets- lozenges, chewable, sublingual, buccal, pastillesSolid Dosage Forms
These are preparations applied on the skin or to the mucous membrane to achieve local or systemic effecSemi-solid dosage forms
These are liquid preparation that contains one or more soluble chemical substances dissolve in solventsLiquid dosage forms
- These are drug products that are packaged under pressure in a holderGaseous dosage forms
It is manufactured according to the need of the patientPharmacodynamics
Individual targets will bind only to specific classes of drugsAffinity
force of attraction bet drug and receptorAffinity
ability of a drug to produce a maximum responseEfficacy
Drug’s maximal efficacy is proportional to the receptors occupiedEfficacy
Drug-receptor relationship Binding to a drug is SPECIFIC SPECIFICITY IS RECIPROCALBinds to a receptor site
are proteins that responds to the body’s own chemical messengers like hormones or neurotransmittersReceptors
gene expression, permeability, growth rate, and other possibilitieCell changes
- Drugs that occupy receptors and activate themAgonist
Drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate themAntagonist
block receptor activation by agonistsAntagonist
- It will happen after the mechanism of actionsDrug effects
Corpora nun agunt nisi fixita meansa drug will not work unless it’s bound.
His outstanding contributions include dissemination of the 'magic bullet' concept for the synthesis of antibacterials, introduction of concepts such as chemoreceptor and chemotherapy, and linking the chemical structure of compounds to their pharmacological activity.Paul Ehrlich
 Neurotransmitters  HormonesEndogenous drugs
any macromolecule or proteins that binds to a receptor. In pharmacology ligands are your drugs or agents wherein if a patient takes in a drug, it will be bound to the receptors and introduce to the body.Ligand
force of attraction bet drug and receptor.Affinity
ability of a drug to produce a maximum responseEfficacy
affected by particular shape or properties of the receptors that only a specific ligand will fit inAffinity
How much drug dose is needed to produce a certain an effectEfficacy
-Binding to a drug is specificAffinity
the efficacy is affected by how much receptor is occupied upon the introduction of drugOccupation theory
Proteins that responds to the body’s own chemical messengers like hormones or neurotransmitters (endogenous chemicals)Receptors
Gene expression - PermeabilityCell changes
can mimic the interaction of ligand and receptors.Exogenous substances
binds/fit to the receptor while the receptors receive it to either activate the body processes or inhibit/block. Because of this, some drugs are classified accordingly like antagonist and protagonistLigand
can be ion or protein that binds to the receptorLigands
hormones and neurotransmittesExogenous substances
- drugs that occupy receptors and activate themAgonists
blocks the receptor activation by agonistAntagonists
there is affinity, attraction is there and intrinsic activity as a result of affinity and binding resulting to full activation, occupies receptors and activates it fullyAgonist alone- full activation
- has less activation. Has an effect but not full. The intrinsic activity is lesserPartial agonist/antagonist
- other drugs after binding with other receptors, it produces the opposite actions.Inverse agonist
occupies receptors but do not occupy them.Antagonist alone
This receptors interact with ion, can be endogenous or naturally produced by the body.Ligand-gated ion channels
Either can activate certain chemical process or inhibiting a certain biochemical processLigand-gated ion channels
Also known as 7 transmembrane receptor because I pans the cellular membrane seven times (7x)G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
3 sub unitsAlpha, beta, gamma
Endogenous ligands & drugs, acting on GPCR.First messenger
Bring about the cellular response to the first messenger acting on GCPRSecond messenger
- inositol triphosphate (IP3) & Diacylglycerol (DAG)Phospoinositides
Most common second messengers:cAMP, cGMP
the second messenger that will create biological activity.GCPR
Receptors used for more medicinal drugs.GCPR
Are proteins with an extra cellular component or domain which is the site for ligand binding and an intracellular domain inside the cell which is responsible for catalytic activity to promote cellular growth or healingEnzyme-linked receptors
speeds up the processescatalysts
Located inside the cell (Intra) that can be seen typically in the cytoplasm or sometimes the nucleus.Intracellular receptors
percentage of drugs that are mediated by drug receptor interaction however some drugs are non-receptor mediated.90%
removes metal like mercury used in food poisoning.Antacids
- immediately act upon the nerves without needing a receptor.Anesthetic solutions
acts upon nerves/neuronsGeneral anesthetics
when you ingest a poisonous metal, they have a property to eliminate metals.Calleting agents
the ratio of the toxic concentration to the median of effective concentration.Therapeutic index (TI)
Father of toxicologyParacelsus
the amount of drug required to produce a certain response.Potency
The strong the attraction of the receptors to the drug until they produce an effect/ affinityEfficacy
force of attraction between drug and receptorAffinity
gets the drug bound to the receptor, and efficacy determines what happens once the drug is bound.Affinity
a child has a different drug action with the older ones. Child are growing and susceptible with special adverse effects of drugs.Age
affects drug concentration at the site of dose. Depends on a person’s body type, an obese and a lean person’s dose is adjusted. Example a person that is obese can take a higher dose of pain reliever compared to a too lean person.Body size
-females have smaller body size compared to men, therefore the body size is affected.Sex
we have unique genetic makeup and some drugs and individuals produce different effect or even drug action with other people.Genetics
a substance or treatment which is designed to have therapeutic valve. An inert drug but results to an intended effect either by the patient’s beliefs or psychological makeup.Placebo
drug is modified by how it is taken. Parenteral has a 100 bio availability, they are rapidly reach the site of action because they directly injected to the blood. Drugs are measured in the blood.Route of drug administration
drugs are taken with a specific disease. Example if you have a glomeolar membrane disorder in the kidney, the excretion of the drug or the reuptake of the drug is affected because some metabolic waste cannot be filtered correctlyPathologic states
loss of therapeutic efficacy after a prolonged used of drug or the person has become insensitive now to the drug. No more effect because of the extensive use.Tolerance
rapid development of tolerance. When doses are repeated in quick succession, you will elicit this tachyphylaxis. So you will be tolerant to the drug and it will not give you an effect anymore.tachyphylaxis
tolerance of microorganisms to inhibit the action of microbials.drug resistance
The study of the movement of the drugs into, within and outside the bodypharmacokinetics
The passage of the drug from the site of administration into the circulationabsorption
do not need energy to transport them across the membranepassive transort
In our body, it is a natural thing that substances flow in a direction of higher concentration to lower concentration.Downhill movement
the transfer of a drug across the membrane in the direction of its concentration gradientdiffusion
the passage of drugs through aqueous pores in the membranefiltration
low concentration to high concentrationuphill movement
the transfer of drugs against a concentration gradient and needs energyactive transport
carrier transport that it is not energy dependent and the movement occurs in the direction of the concentration gradientfacilitated diffusion
the process where small droplets are engulfed by the cellendocytosis
The processes like absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion are complex, and a lot of things are being computed and considered by drug developers.endocytosis
the fraction of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any routebioavailability
The influence of route of administration on a drug’s bioavailability is generally in the following order: parenteral > oral > rectal > topicalbioavailability
the metabolism of a drug during its passage from the site of absorption to the systemic circulationfirst pass effect
The process of delivering a drug from the bloodstream to the tissues of the bodydistribution
Needs energy and carrier at the same time. It follows the normal concentration gradient of the cell but it needs a carrier. Usually the carrier are glucose embedded in the cell membrane.distribution
the free or unbound fraction of the drug is the only form available for actionplasma/tissue binding
Only lipid soluble, unionized drugs can cross thisBlood-brain barrier/placental
Drugs go through several phases of distributionredistribution
The process of biochemical alteration of the drug in the bodymetabolism
- Most important process in pharmacokineticsmetabolism
an inactive drug which gets converted into an active form in the bodyprodrug
site of metabolismliver
this phase involves oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis and happens in the endoplasmic reticulumphase one
This phase involves reactions that chemically change the drug or phase 1 metabolites into compounds that are soluble enough to be excreted in urinephase two
A process where metabolic wastes are eliminated from the bodyexcretion
site of excretionkidney
ionized drugs of low molecular weight (<10, 000) are easily filtered through the glomerular membraneglomerular filtration
main unit of excretory system, the kidneysnephron
filters waste products after metabolism.glomerular membrane
2 transport systems actively secrets acids and basesactive tubular secretion
drugs present in the glomerular filtrate can be reabsorbed in the tubulespassive tubular reabsorption
the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the plasma or the total amount in the body to be reduced by 50 %half-life
in general, it is used as a guide or estimate to see at what time the drug will be at its minimum concentration or has been totally eliminated from the bodypurpose of half-life
one time high doseone time high dose
low dosemaintenance elimination
removal of a drug from the plasmaclearance
no matter how much amount of drug is taken, the time of drug elimination is already computed and it’s not affected by half- lifezero-order elimination
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