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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Who is the ACT test used on?All interventional patients. It is a point of care testing
On average what should be the O2 concentration in the right atrium when it returns from the body?75%
What does a hemodynamic evaluation cover?valve area, intracardiac pressures, cardiac output, and O2 saturation
AngiographyX-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the heart and blood vessels after the intravascular introduction of radiopaque contrast medium.
when was the first catheter put into the right atrium of a human?1929
what is a swan-ganz catheter?A balloon tipped flow guided catheter created in 1970
What was the dotter technique?Using small catheters and slowly increasing the size to force the lumens open
what is another name for the dotter technique?Transluminal angioplasty
who performed the first balloon angioplasty?Andreas Gruentzig
Who was the first person to place a catheter in the right atrium?Werner Fossman
what was a major CVIS thing that a doctor did in 1953?Dr. Sven Seldinger performed the first femoral artery catheter to the heart.
Who created transseptal catheterization in 1959?Ross and Cope
What is significant about Dr. Judkin's work in 1967?Created curved catheters
what did Dr. John Simpsons create in 1982?first over wire angioplasty balloons
what is the first FDA approved CVIS tool? 1993coil stent
in 2002, what did the FDA approve for the first time?Drug eluting stent
in 2002, what procedure was created that can help with aortic valve stenosis?Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
who created x-raysWilhelm Conrad Roentgen
When was the x-ray machines created?1895
who termed cardiac catheterization?Claude Bernard
what did William Harvey conclude about the body?That the blood in an animal is impelled in a circle and is in a state of ceaseless motion.
why is contrast used?The blood vessels are the same density as the tissue around them with out the contrast
what did Walter Dandy create?pneumoencephalogram
Who replaced the "cut down" approach with the percutaneous method?Dr. Sven Seldinger
What does POBA mean?Plain old balloon angioplasty
what is the first corner stone of CVIS?safe catheter insertion
what is the second corner stone of CVIS?hemodynamic measurements
what is the third corner stone of CVIS?quality angiography
what is the fourth and last corner stone of CVIS?integration of procedural findings with the clinical assessment
what is the restenosis rate of a regular balloon?40%
what is the restenosis rate of a bare metal stent?20-30%
what is the restenosis rate of drug-eluting stents?5-20%
what does a patient need for at least one year after a drug-eluting stent is placed?anticoagulants
what does "ALARA" mean?As Low As Reasonably Achievable
what does ACT mean?Activated Clotting Time
What is cardiac out-put?the amount of blood discharged from either ventricle per minute
What did Dr. Henry Zimmerman do in 1949?created a retrograde technique to measure pressures in left ventricle
Who used the brachial artery around 1959?Dr. Mason Sones
what does "retrograde" mean?against the flow of blood
what does "antegrade" mean?with the flow of blood
what causes re-occlusions?neointimal hyperplasia
what role in an OR would be responsible for administering medications?Circulator
what role in the OR would be responsible for calculating the ejaculation fraction?Monitor
What role in the OR is responsible for helping the physician change catheters and wires?Scrub
Who performed the first Saphenous vein bypass in 1967?Dr. Rene Favaloro
who recorded the ventricular pressures of a horse?Claude Bernard
who performed 1st diagnostic catherization in 1941Cournard and Richards
on average what should the O2 concentration be in the left atrium?98%
On average what should be the O2 concentration in the right atrium when it returns from the body?75%
why did the use of pneumoencephalogram mostly stop?CT scans were created
What was an "Aortic Root Shot"?it shows the coronary arteries coming out of the aorta with use of contrast
What did Stephen Hales do in 1711?the first person to measure blood pressure. He also invented several devices, including a ventilator
How is a Pneumoencephalogram performed?10cc's of spinal fluid is replaced with air, the patient is then tilted and spun until the air bubble reaches the ventricles in the brain
Why is air pushed into the brain's ventricles during a pneumoencephalogram?The air is a different density than the brain tissue, so we are able to visualize the shape of the ventricles
post World War 2 what CVIS thing was a growing topic/interestcongenital heart defects and right heart catheterization
what is a vagal responsethe nervous system that regulates heart rate and blood pressure malfunctions in response to a trigger such a pain
what is Facilitated PCI?use of thrombolytic agents for myocardial infarctions
what is facilitated PCI still used for?Patients have heart attacks in small hospitals before they are transported for treatment.
What limited the use of x-rays?Overheated due to how many images per second needed for CVIS
How is the percutaneous method (Seldinger Technique) Performed?hollow needle is used, then the wire is poke through needle, needle is removed and catheter is inserted over the wire
what is the "cut down approach" (Sones Method)?a vein is surgically exposed for access, causes lot of trauma
Who used hollow reeds and colored dyes to understand how blood flow worked?Christopher Wren
how is a selective coronary angiography performed?The catheter is placed in a coronary artery, this provides a more detailed image of a specific area and multiple angles
What is non-selective angiography?The catheter is placed in the aortic root and a large amount of contrast in injected. only provides one angle for an image.
What catheter can be used in and out the cath lab?The Swan-Ganz catheter can be used in ICU
what is the fancy name for scar tissue after a stent is placed?Neointimal Hyperplasia
Who is the ACT test used on?All interventional patients. It is a point of care testing
What did Andreas Gruentzig perform in 1977?Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
who helped Dotter create his technique?Dr. Judkins
Why do we treat more than one blood vessel now?drug-eluting stents lowered the restenosis rate so it is safe now
What is embolization used for?stops bleeding in tumors, wounds, or graphs